THE CONTRIBUTION OF HOSPITALITY SECTOR TO THE GROWTH OF MUKONO TOWN: CASE STUDY MUKONO TOWN COUNCIL
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction and Background to
the study
“Hunziker and
Krapf, in 1941, defined tourism as "the sum of the phenomena and
relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, insofar as
they do not lead to permanent residence and are not connected with any earning
activity." In 1976 Tourism Society of England defined it as "Tourism
is the temporary, short-term movement of people to destination outside the
places where they normally live and work and their activities during the stay
at each destination. It includes movements for all purposes." In 1981
International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism defined Tourism in
terms of particular activities selected by choice and undertaken outside the
home environment.” (www.sidestore.com)
With annual
revenues approaching $3.5 trillion, the global hospitality industry is the
world’s largest [and fastest growing] industry representing25 per cent of
global trade and 10 per cent of employment (Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia). Over the
last decade in Uganda alone, the hospitality sector has expanded and this
growth is reflected in the increased amount of opportunities for investment. It
is one of the biggest industries in Uganda and it employs a big number of
people. At one time, Ambassador Anwarul Karim
Chowdury, an Under Secretary at the UN, shared his thoughts on the hospitality
industry’s impact on world economic and cultural growth as he said, “The
tourism industry employs one out of every 11 people (Cohen, 2007).
With help of unique efforts by government and all other
stakeholders including hotel owners, resort managers, tour and travel operators
and employees who work in the sector. Today the increment of the
hospitality sector has gained a level of acceptance as a means of contributing
to the growth in the country. Although
an increment of the hospitality sector is not an indication of the quality of
growth, it is held conventionally that it does provide an important step
towards growth, which Uganda has seemingly undergone. Many
take Ugandan hospitality service not for its quality of service, but being a
cheap destination for leisure tourism.
Although hospitality is a difficult sector to define,
it is an umbrella term for a broad
variety of service industries including, but not limited to, hotels, food service, casinos, and tourism. Hospitality is all about
offering warmth to someone who looks for help at a strange or unfriendly place.
It refers to the process of receiving and entertaining a guest with goodwill
and in most cases it is commercial. Hospitality
in the commercial context refers to the activity of hotels, restaurants,
catering, inn, resorts or clubs who make a vocation of treating tourists. The hospitality industry covers a diverse range of
establishments providing hospitality services in the form of accommodation,
meals and drinks. Uganda is among the countries were hospitality sector has
taken lead in different districts of which Mukono is one and specifically Mukono
Town Council. The hospitality sector in Uganda however, greatly
deteriorated in the period 1970-1986 when the country experienced turmoil.
Problems were experienced in tourist destinations and there were severe
shortages in accommodation facilities.
With unlimited tourism
and untapped business prospects, Mukono Town council is growing at a faster
rate because of the hospitality sector. Availability of qualified human
resources and untapped geographical resources give great prospects to the
hospitality industry. However, the number of tourists coming to Uganda is
growing year after year. Likewise, internal tourism is another area with great
potentials. The
expansion of the hospitality sector is an important phenomenon which has
implications growth and development prospects in the country. However, in
Mukono Town Council, the hospitality sector has taken a central role to the
growth of the area which the researcher has opted to find out and its
contributions.
1.2 Statement of the problem
“The hospitality
industry in Greater Rochester is multidimensional and larger than it appears on
the surface. The area's restaurants, theaters, night clubs, sports teams and
museums have a substantial financial and employment impact on our communities,
they support other businesses and they help reinvigorate our neighborhoods. To
understand just how profound a role this industry plays in the economy and our
lives, a myth must be dispelled: The hospitality industry is more than the high
school student at the counter of a fast-food restaurant, the cleaning staff at
an area hotel and the ticket-taker at an amusement park. As in any type of
business, the hospitality industry has some low-wage positions, but it also has
a large number of highly paid, skilled positions filled by dedicated
professionals who contribute to the growth of the communities in which they
live. (Dustin Swanger 2002)”. The study therefore seeks to analyse the
contribution of the hospitality sector in Uganda with specific reference to the
growth of Mukono Town Council.
1.3 Objectives of the study
1.3.1
The General Objective:
To examine the contribution of the hospitality
sector to the growth of Mukono Town in Uganda
1.3.2
Specific objectives
a) To
identify the different hospitality sub sectors in Mukono Town Council.
b) To
establish the contributions of the hospitality to development of Mukono Town
Council.
c) To
examine the challenges faced by the hospitality sector in Mukono Town Council.
1.4 Research questions
The study will be guided by the following
research questions.
a) What
are the different Hospitality sub sectors in Mukono Town Council?
b) What
are the contributions of the hospitality sector towards the growth of Mukono
Town Council?
c) What
are the challenges faced by the hospitality sector in Mukono Town Council?
d) What can be done to overcome the challenges?
1.4 Scope of the study
The district borders Lakes Victoria to the East and Lake
Kyoga to the North and River Nile, which separates it from Jinja district to
the North-East.
There are vast natural forests in the district, like Mabira forest, with a wide diversity of flora and fauna. Mukono Town Council is divided into 4 administrative wards including Ggulu, Nsuube/Kauga, Namumira/Anthony and Ntawo comprising 41 villages. The sample will comprise of 75 respondents i.e. Management and Staff of the hospitality establishments, Officials from the town council and the tourists/guests. Conceptually, the study will be limited to contribution of the hospitality sector to the growth of Mukono Town in Uganda.
There are vast natural forests in the district, like Mabira forest, with a wide diversity of flora and fauna. Mukono Town Council is divided into 4 administrative wards including Ggulu, Nsuube/Kauga, Namumira/Anthony and Ntawo comprising 41 villages. The sample will comprise of 75 respondents i.e. Management and Staff of the hospitality establishments, Officials from the town council and the tourists/guests. Conceptually, the study will be limited to contribution of the hospitality sector to the growth of Mukono Town in Uganda.
CHAPTER
TWO
LITERATURE
RE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
Hospitality is such a high growth industry and a
major player within the global economy. The industry is often referred to as an
umbrella that encompasses several different paths, which include lodging
(hotels, motels, and resorts), restaurants, gaming, airlines, cruises, spa
management, event management, culinary, and anything else that revolves around
customer satisfaction and selling an intangible product. It is therefore, a
sector which involves different sub sectors, has different job opportunities and
its expansion greatly contributes to the growth of a nation. To understand such variables, there is a number
of existing works on hospitality by different writers who have focused on the
different sub sectors, its contributions. Although it contributes greatly to nation’s
growth and development, the sector also faces a number of challenges.
2.2 The different hospitality sub sectors
The hospitality sector includes all businesses that
provide food, beverages, and/or accommodation services (Ward, 2007). Different
academicians have to broken down the sector of hospitality. According to Gutteridge,
(2005), hospitality can be broken down into five sub sectors: restaurants;
pubs, clubs and bars; hotels; contract catering; and hospitality services.
Hotels - A hotel is an
establishment that provides paid lodging, usually on a
short-term basis (Wikipedia, the
free encyclopedia). Hotels often provide a number of additional guest
services such as a restaurant, a swimming pool or childcare. Some hotels have conference
services and meeting rooms and
encourage groups to hold conventions
and meetings at their location. They range
from small, independent country hotels to luxury five-star hotels Gutteridge,
2005). Uganda, as country has around ….hotels which
offers full board accommodation for the guests. Hotels employ a large number of
people in the county, as well as accommodating thousands of visitors who come
into the country. Constant growth of Hotels in Uganda has lit up the country as
well as promoted the sector (Kisibo Jackie, 2007). It is argued, that Hotels
recognize the increase which is positive for the country’s development and the
country is becoming a travel destination despites the challenges.
Restaurants-
A restaurant is a retail
establishment that serves prepared food to customers (Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia). Service is
generally for eating on premises, though the term has been used to describe take-out establishments and food delivery services.
This is quite a diverse sector with many small, independent businesses
alongside the burgeoning branded sector. It is an area where self employment is
a possibility, especially if you have flair and initiative. This sub sector
includes take-away food outlets, fine dining, ethnic restaurants and coffee
bars. It remains relatively resilient, as even in an economic downturn, people
still enjoy eating out and their taste in food is eclectic. There are many outlets,
employing more full and part-time staff in Uganda. Gutteridge (2005), notes that,
70% of businesses are owner-operated with the other 30% owned by groups. However, this percentage applies more
developed countries than in countries like Uganda and specifically in Mukono
Town where almost all restaurants are owner operated.
Pubs, club and bars – The distinction between this
sub sector and restaurants is blurring with many of these establishments now
offering food. Like restaurants, there’s a mixture between small, independent businesses,
tenanted or freehold businesses and large groups who own particular brands. For
instance, in United Kingdom licensed retail sector is worth £20 billion and it
currently employs over 900,000 people in total. They range from small, country
pubs to large, city nightclubs and bars (source: British Institute of
Innkeepers website). Labour turnover is high mainly due to the large number of
students employed and there is a high proportion of part-time staff. However, promotion
can be quick and branded chains can offer excellent management opportunities.
Contract catering – This sub sector involves
any catering business unit that is separately operated and managed. Some of the
outlets supplied by contract caterers are schools, hospitals, local authority
and in-company catering and food services (Gutteridge, 2005). This sub sector
is also known as out catering for instance in Uganda, but doesn’t contract
schools, hospitals. Instead they contract parties, Weddings among others. It’s
a rapidly expanding sub sector of the industry and is dominated by a handful of
large players.
Hospitality services – According to Gutteridge,
this sub sector is one of the big players in this sector are public sector
institutions, such as schools, hospitals, universities and civil service departments.
Within this, though, contracting out means that contract caterers are also
heavily involved in this area. It incorporates all those working in
establishments where hospitality is not the main function and is not contracted
out. Areas include medical, educational, industrial, retail, culture/sport,
public administration and transport. Future growth is linked to the strength of
the economy and, therefore, the demand for in-house services, although this
could be offset by an increase in outsourcing to contract caterers (source:
Hospitality Training Foundation).
2.3 Contributions of the hospitality Sector
The hospitality sector in Uganda has greatly expanded
in the past five years and this growth has greatly contributed to economic development,
employment, infrastructure, social-cultural development of a nation.
Economic development
According to the World Bank, Uganda has been a robust
economic performer over the last few years, with real growth averaging close to
7%. There has also been a 38% drop in poverty between 1992 and 2000 (Phipps. K, Sangudi. G, Woolway. S, 2003). The population growth is 2.6 %, GNI per capita
is $281 and $5.7billion (same source), although 50% of the national budget is
sourced through donor aid. In Uganda, the hospitality sector contributes
substantially to the productivity and employment and the economy's
competitiveness but more has to be done if the industry is to compete
successfully in the global market of the future. According to Louis D’Amore, Founder and President of International
Institute for Peace through Tourism (IIPT),
noted that in Uganda, Serena Hotel in particular the chain owned by the Aga Kahn and the company has
dedicated itself to economic development and to economic growth; it’s a model
of a corporate enterprise trying to make a contribution.
In terms of employment, the hospitality industry is
probably the world’s fastest-growing, job-creating profession, employing one in
ten people worldwide. It is an industry that is
growing rapidly, with many great career opportunities in the years ahead.
According to Harald Wiedenhofer, (2005), the hospitality industry is a
major employer in Europe with a workforce of over 7.5 million. However, this is
not only in Europe alone but also in Africa and Uganda specifically. Although
the industry employs a big number of people, not every one can work in this
sector.
However, this is not an industry that sleeps either;
there are positions that require shifts during all times of the day, some more
demanding than others. One variable remains constant, and that is a challenging
and exhilarating atmosphere. Despite the challenges faced in this sector, it is
one of the biggest revenue generators of the world that has led to growth of
many cities and towns.
Available research
shows the industry employs a big number of people. For instance in the United
Kingdom, it is made up of about 127,000 businesses
and employs a workforce of 1.6 million people. There are approximately 22,000
hotels and guest houses, plus around 16,000 bed and breakfasts, in the UK
(British hospitality Association). Hotels offer management, event
organisation, restaurant and bar work and a whole range of operational role (Ward
2007). Most hotel programmes are designed to develop operations managers of the
future and to achieve this, graduate trainees spend their training period moving
around various departments and hotels within the group. Such departments could
include: front of house; restaurant; housekeeping; accounts; conference and
events; sales and marketing; and human resources. Hotels argue that this broad training
before specialisation gives a greater understanding of the business and this is
important in a competitive market where brand identity, company ethos and
uniformity of service are paramount ( Gutteridge, 2005).
However, though such information is given, not all
graduate trainees become operations managers. Many specialise in an area of their
training, either within a hotel or develop in a head office function, such as
accounting and finance, information technology, human resources, sales and
marketing. In Uganda, one can join the industry without even a single
qualification and just get training on the job. This is because most of them
are privately owned for instance the children of owners of the sector, unlike
in the developed world.
In the restaurant sub sector, again the larger
players have graduate schemes and many features of these will be similar in the
pubs, clubs and bars. With many programmes you would join as an assistant
manager and undertake structured training, particularly in the areas of leadership,
finance, health and safety and customer service. Although the hospitality
sector contributes a lot national development, and specifically employment, in
Uganda the level of unemployment is still high.
Infrastructure
With the increase of number of hospitality sectors, infrastructures is getting
better, as more and more hotels, restaurants among others are opening
up, and are trying their best to provide best possible customer
service and experience. As the Hospitality Industry is high on the Industry
scale, every hotel is now intent on gaining the maximum. Where earlier the
focus was on selling rooms the same is now shifted to maximization of room
yield. Guest room is a perishable commodity. Arriving at a potential value of
room when in demand is an art. Most deluxe hotels deploy ‘Revenue
enhancement\Yield Management application. Keeping the manual track
of a bulk room inventory, looking at the future booking trends and calculating
the potential room rate manually is too tedious a task, Harish Chandra, 2007.
Similarly hotel room booking and various other travel-tourism related
services could be booked by a customer on-line at the best available rate.
Advance IT software and systems make it possible for many agents and operators
to provide a bouquet of complete services. For instance from Airline ticket
booking, airport pick and drop to Hotel room booking along with sightseeing at
very nominal rates due to consolidation and integration of all travel and
tourism related services using various software’s and booking engines
interface. Due to this integration, booking engines are empowered to great deals to customers
online.
To improve operations and record guest feedback hotels deploy ‘Hotel communication system’. In this application all guest calls are recorded. This helps the Hotel management to know the key repetitive issues and challenges that are required to be addressed. This system also helps hotels to measure the productivity of employees for employee recognition programs.
To improve operations and record guest feedback hotels deploy ‘Hotel communication system’. In this application all guest calls are recorded. This helps the Hotel management to know the key repetitive issues and challenges that are required to be addressed. This system also helps hotels to measure the productivity of employees for employee recognition programs.
Although most of this modern infrastructure is found in developed countries,
In Uganda the hospitality sector has greatly contributed to the improvements of
infrastructure due to the stiff competition. This however, helps to promote, foster
and encourage development and growth not only of the hospitality sector but
also the economy.
2.4 Challenges
facing the hospitality industry
Like any other industry, the hospitality
sector both in developed and developing countries is faced many challenges and
opportunities. Different scholars however, have identified different challenges
that are faced by this sector. These include poor infrastructure, high staff
turnover, lack of skilled labour and recruitment difficulties, English Proficiency,
finances among others.
Retention; According to the United States Department of
labor, they note that, high turnover is a
key challenge in the hospitality industry. The restaurant, hotel and lodging
sectors have difficulty retaining skilled workers because of the negative image
that the industry faces. This negativity, greatly affects the industry not only
in the U.S but also in countries like Uganda especially the lodging and pubs sub
sectors.
Like other service sectors,
hospitality careers are often stereotyped as low-wage and entry-level with
little opportunity for advancement. Consequently, qualified workers, especially
youth, are unaware the range of hospitality careers available (Employment
and Training Administration, U.S. Department of Labor). Due to the low wages,
employees are always on the move for better pay, which make it had in this
industry to always train new staff.
English Proficiency; In addition, the U.S department of labor also identifies English
proficiency is another key challenge because a large percentage of the
hospitality workforce does not speak English as their primary language.
Employers seek language training programs that allow workers to effectively
perform their job, which includes providing good customer service and
understanding safety requirements. However, in Uganda such a problem is more
common not in hotels, but in Pubs, lodges and restaurant, as long as they know
the basics which is more important. In countries like Uganda such training
programmes are not made available to the employees.
Consistent training models and skills certifications: The hospitality industry as a whole lacks consistency and
portability in their training models and skill certifications. Many employers
run their own internal training programs for entry-level workers, which makes
it difficult to monitor the content of training and the skills acquired.
Employability/Soft Skills:
Employers have difficulty finding workers who possess basic “soft skills,”
which are often a prerequisite for success in a customer service-oriented field.
Lastly, the hospitality sector is faced
with a big burden of operating in a developing country with limited
infrastructure and limited resources nearly. For instance In Uganda, the roads
are bad and technology is too expensive for most sectors to compete
internationally.
In all, the hospitality sector is one
of the biggest sectors worldwide, with a lot of literature written by different
scholars. It is a sector that includes all businesses that provide food,
beverages, and/or accommodation services. The
hospitality industry covers a wide ranging number of services and activities
which include: restaurants; pubs, bars and clubs; hotels; contract catering and
hospitality services. However, this makes sector is a major player within the global
economy, since contributes a lot to economic development, infrastructure, and
employment. Despite its contribution, scholars have identified a number of
challenges faced by the sector some of which are too complex one organization
to solve alone. Although several works have been done, most of the focus on
developed countries, and big cities, throughout the world. However, little is
known on Town Councils in Uganda, what and how the hospitality sector has
contributed in that area.
“Companies in
the hospitality industry face a highly competitive environment in which
differentiation and providing an innovative customer experience are key
elements building brand awareness and loyalty among customers. However, many
companies spend the majority of time focused on improving core operations
rather than the fundamental customer experience. This point of contact – where
the customer and hospitality enterprise interact directly – is where the
customer experience is most important. And, it’s often the difference between a
repeat customer and a dissatisfied customer. However, to create time for
hospitality management to focus on the customer experience, means executives
must free themselves from running the less-value added parts of the core
business. This is often difficult to achieve because of the volume of issues
hospitality companies deal with today:”
(www.microsoft.com/mappoint/industries/hospitality/hos_challenges.mspx)
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
1.1 3.1 Introduction
This chapter
presents the methodology and procedure that was followed during the study. It
describes sources of data, research designed, sample selection, methods of data
collection and design and data analysis.
1.2 3.1 Area of study
Mukono District is located in Central
Uganda lies between longitudes 320 35”E and 33 0 05
“E and latitudes 000 and
1030” N It borders the districts of Jinja and
Kamuli to the east, Mpigi and Luwero to the west, Apac to the north and
Tanzania to the south .The district covers an area of 14,241 Km2 of which 9,648 Km2 is open water and swamps.
The climate of Mukono district is
influenced by Mabira Forest Reserve and Lakes Kyoga and Victoria. The District
experiences two rainy seasons (March - May and September to December) with a
mean annual rainfall of 1400- 1600 mm but much higher as 1600 -2000 mm in areas
close to the lakes and forest reserve. The mean annual maximum temperatures of
Mukono District is 25 - 27.5 C and mean annual minimum is 15 - 17.5 C. Evaporation
of 1472 mm is much lower than rainfall received (1610 mm) rendering the
district a rain fall surplus zone. The town is
at the heart of a wealthy district, whose major economic activities include
among others coffee, tea, vanilla and sugar production, fishing and livestock
production. A range of wholesale and retail businesses are also thriving in the
town. Mukono town is also used as a center from which business people from the
interior access supplies of essential commodities from wholesalers (www.mukonotc.go.ug,
visited 18 May 2008)
1.3 3.2 Research design
The researcher
will use both qualitative and quantitative research designs during the research
process. Quantitative research design will be used to collect numerical data in
form of figures, statistics of visitor numbers and qualitative research design
will be used to collect raw data from respondents which can not be quantified.
These will help in generating a more comprehensive data about the topic from
various sources and allowing for a more descriptive and analytical analysis of
the respondents/ views. Nature of research will mainly be descriptive.
1.4 3.3 Sampling framework
The study sample
will include a total of 75 respondents. The researcher will use random and
purposeful sampling techniques as methods of selecting respondents for the
interview. The purposeful technique will be used to select top management from hospitality
establishments and officials from the district local council while random
sampling will be used to select the employees at the different establishments,
tour companies and, tourists/guests. This means that the population sample will
include Management and staffs at different hospitality establishments, district
officials, tour operators, employees, and tourists/guests since they are the
people who have knowledge of the contribution of hospitality sector to the
growth of Mukono town.
Table: 3.1
showing nature of respondents.
Category
|
Frequency
|
Management & Staff of hospitality establishments
|
30
|
Officials from Mukono town council
|
5
|
Tour companies
|
5
|
Guests
|
35
|
Total
|
75
|
Source:
Researcher’s Conceptualizations
The managers
will be purposefully selected because they are the highest persons in as far as
management is concerned and should be able to provide the researcher with
credible information on the topic of study.
The managers will also be purposefully selected because of lack of
alternatives.
Five staff
members will be randomly selected from four different hospitality
establishments. A list of all the staff members will be got from management and
all the names of staff appearing on that list will be written on small pieces
of paper and put in a container. Whoever will be picked, will represent others
in providing data on the topic, Forty guests will be selected randomly. The
researcher expects to find these at the hospitality establishments visited.
This study will also ensure that all guests are given equal opportunity to
participate both local and foreign guests alike.
Local tour
companies will also be picked randomly and they will all get equal opportunity
to participate in the study. This is because most tour operators have close
interaction with guests so they could be in position to give details of the
response of their visitors towards the hospitality sector in Mukono district.
3.4 Techniques
of Data Collection
1.4.1 3.4.1 Observation
The researcher
will use her naked eyes to observe supplementary phenomenon as regards the attractions,
services and facilities in Mukono town council. She will also try to observe
the number of tourists who turn up at the different hospitality establishments whether
they are foreign or domestic tourists.
Observations
will be conducted primarily to survey and may also be conducted jointly with
document study or experimentation. According to Bailey (1994), observation is a
primary technique of collecting data on non verbal behaviour although it most
commonly involves insight or visual data collection. It could also include data
collection via the other senses such as hear, touch, ors smell.
1.4.2 3.4.2 Interviewing
According to
Arora (1996), interviewing is the use of direct conversation with the subject
or witness who can furnish the relevant data. It has the objective of
recognising hitherto unknown information. This will involve face to face
discussion between the researcher and the respondents. Questions which are
related to the topic of study will be asked to the Management of hospitality
establishments, local council officials of Mukono town council and tour
operators. These are expected to give
the researcher an in depth knowledge of what the tourists think about state of
hospitality establishments.
1.4.3 3.4.3 Questionnaire method.
This will
involve the setting of questions that will be taken to the field for the
respondents to field in. It will involve
the use of both closed and open ended questions. In open ended questions, the
researcher will set questions that require the respondents to give their views
on the research topic while closed ended, the researcher will set questions and
give possible answers where respondents will choose from. This will be applied
to the tourists/guests, employees of tour companies and employees of the
different establishments visited.
1.4.4 3.4.4 Library Search
In this method,
secondary sources of data will be reviewed. These will include related
literature from different libraries and other resource centres. Literature to
be reviewed will be in relation to the study objectives and identified the
information gap and is expected to provide a firm background for the study.
Some of the libraries to be visited include Makerere University Main Library
and Geography Department book bank. Besides
the library search, Internet Surfing will be used to review literature sources
on the World Wide Web.
1.5 3.5 Methods of data Processing.
Since both
quantitative and qualitative data will be collected, it will then require the
researcher to use various methods to analyse them.
1.5.1 3.5.1 Editing
This will be done
to ensure that the information from respondents is accurate and consistent.
It will be followed
after every interview with respondents. Obvious errors and omissions in
schedule will be checked here immediately.
1.5.2 3.5.2 Frequency tables
This will
involve the counting of the number of responses from each questionnaire and
getting those that fall under the same category recorded accordingly using
tallies.
The researcher
will then come up with a frequency distribution list of each question according
to the different codes of responses.
1.5.3 3.5.3 Data analysis
This will come
after data processing in order interpret it and will involve drawing of
statistical tables. This will enable the researcher to interpret the data,
verify the relevance of the research questions so as to fulfil the objectives
of the study.
1.6 3.6 Anticipated problems
The major
limitation of the research is expected to be inadequacy of financial resources.
Visiting the study area will require substantial amounts of money to cover
costs of travel and facilitation.
The study may
also require a lot of time to be dedicated to collecting substantial data from
one person to another, making observations, continuous review of literature,
data analysis and report writing.
Some of the targeted
respondents may not be willing to put aside time to respond to the
investigator’s questions thus will frustrating the researcher’s efforts to
collect substantial data. There may also some rude and hostile respondents but researcher
hopes to solve this by both seeking prior permission and remaining calm.
APPENDICES
INTERVIEW GUIDE FOR TOWN COUNCIL OFFICIALS
AND TOUR COMPANIES
Dear Respondent,
This interview
guide is designed by Makerere University Department of Geography to collect
data on the topic “the contribution of the hospitality sector to the growth of
Mukono Town in Uganda”. You are kindly requested to fill in the blank spaces to
the best of your knowledge. All information will be used only for academic
purposes and will not be used elsewhere without your permission.
Name
………………………………………………………………………………………
Age
…………………………………………………………………………………………
Position
……………………………………………………………………………………..
1. What are the different types of hospitality
sectors in Mukono Town?
2 What are the services provided by these
establishments?
3. What has been the contribution of the
hospitality industry to the development of
MukonoTown
4. What are the challenges faced by the
hospitality industry in Mukono Town?
5 What do you think can be done to overcome
these challenges?
June, 2008
RESEARCH
QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGNED FOR GUESTS/TOURISTS
Dear Respondent,
This
questionnaire is designed by Makerere University Department of Geography to
collect data on the topic “the contribution of the hospitality sector to the
growth of Mukono Town in Uganda”. You are kindly requested to fill in the blank
spaces to the best of your knowledge. All information will be used only for
academic purposes and will not be used elsewhere without your permission.
Name……………………………………………………………………………………….
Sex………………………………………………………………………………………….
Origin……………………………………………………………………………………….
Purpose of
visit……………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………
1. Name the establishment you
visited
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) How
often do you visit this establishment?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………….
b) How much do
you spend for their services on average per visit?
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. How do you
rate the performance/ facilities in this establishment?
Excellent
Fairly good
Very good others (specify)
3. What problems
did you face while there?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. What do you recommend as
solutions to the above problems?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Thanks
for your cooperation
Nakawooya
Brenda, Researcher.
June
2008.
REFERENCES
Chandra Harish, (2007). IT Contributions to the
Hospitality Industry & It's Further Scope.
Cohen Francine, (2007). Ugandan
Tourism Sector Lights Up Dark Continent, Hotel Interactive, Inc.
Dr Dustin Swanger, (2002): Hospitality
industry fuels the area economic engine. Technical Education at MCC Rochester
Business Journal
Employment and Training Administration,U.S.
Department of Labor,(2007), Hosptiality:
Innovative Workforce Solutions to Help the Hospitality Industry Address
Hiring, Training, and Retention Challenges
Gailliard
Flora, (2007). The hospitality Industry.
Graduate Prospects, (2007). Hospitality:
overview, Graduate Prospect Ltd, Manchester.
Gutteridge
Margaret, (2005) Hospitality Sector Sector Briefing Manchester, AGCAS.
Jones. P, Song, Haiyan ,Hong, Jung. H, (2004). Hospitality industry (Management)
Tunia Cherian George,
(2006). Hospitality sector gets a boost from buoyant economy The Hindu
Business Line.
Ward
Sophie. (Ed). (2007). Hospitality, UK, AGCAS.
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Wiedenhofer Harald, (2005), Young people and the
hospitality industry: Contribution to the European Youth Initiative, European
Federation of Food, Agriculture and Tourism Trade Unions (EFFAT) and Hotels,
Restaurants & Cafés in Europe (HOTREC), Brussels.
Internet Sources
www.sidestore.com
DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN NIGHTLIFE
ENTERAINMENT AS A TOURIST PRODUCT.
CASE STUDY KAMPALA CENTRAL
DIVISION
15.0 CHAPTER ONE
16.0 1.1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Tourist products are varied and
there is no acceptable definition. The major concept considered in tourist
product development is the things that motives people travel. Attempts have
been made by scholars, practitioners and professionals to classify tourist’s
products.
No agreed classification system has
been accepted. Generally, there is an agreement that tourists products can be
physically and non-physical
things. Bannet 1996 pointed out two key features of all
products physical and symbolic form. Night Life is an experience. Although physical attributes may be involved,
the key components of night life are the experience and feeling of enjoyment by
visitors. As a tourists product, night life can be classified as an
experiential product is immersed in the activities.
Night entertainment is a great urban tourism
product in the cities, tourism and other urban areas. Burton categories night
life as an entertainment. It involves dancing, gambling, sports like football
watching, snack, and quiz night, prostitution, and drinking among others.
Tourism
continues to be among the foremost vehicles for cultural exchange providing
personal experience, not only of what has survived from the past, but of the
contemporary life and the society of other societies. It is appreciated as
positive force for natural and cultural conservation. Tourism capture the
economic characteristics of the heritage and harness these for conservation by
generating funding, educating the community, and influence policies. The
natural and culture heritage, diversities and living cultures are the major
tourism attractions. The ecological settings culture and lifestyles of the host
communities may also be degraded, along with visitors experience of the place. Urban
night entertainment is a difficult sector to define, it is an umbrella term for
a broad variety of service industries including, but not limited to, bars,
pubs, clubs, casinos, restaurants and hotels.
Today
the increment of the urban night life sectors has gained a level of acceptance
as a means of contributing to the growth in the country. Although an increment
of the hospitality sector is not an indication of the quality of growth, it is
held conventionally that it does provide an important step towards growth,
which Uganda has seemingly undergone.
Many take Uganda urban night life service not for its quality of
service, but being cheap destination for leisure tourism.
17.0 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM.
Night
urban entertainment centers like, pubs, night clubs, bars, and casinos are a
great tourism potential in Uganda and provide substantial financial and
employment opportunities. However, little has been done by the tourism industry
and its stake holders in developing night life.
In
developed countries’ cities, night life mainly taking the form of dances,
gambling, social drinking and many forms of entertainment form an important tourist
products especially cities like Paris in
London, Rome and densey centers/
Worlds like Nevada are famous for their entertainment and night life. But in developing countries including
Uganda night life has not been developed and promoted as tourist products yet
its development could increase tourist expenditure, length of stay and
overnights in Kampala and diversely tourist activities which are currently limited.
This study attempted to identify different forms of night life and how they
could be developed in Kampala
The
focus is an attempt to expand length of stay which is mainly two to three
nights by international visitors. Night life entertainment and other activities
could assist expand overnights in Kampala benefitting hotels. Many hotels in
Uganda are constructed in Kampala with low occupancy rates (MTTI, 2002).
18.0 1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY.
19.0 1.3.1 The General objective.
To assess the development of urban night
life as a tourism product
20.0 1.3.2 Specific objectives.
i.
To identify the different urban night
life centers in Kampala central division
ii.
To establish the various activities
which take place in these urban night life centres
iii.
To examine the challenges hindering the
development of urban night life entertainment in Kampala central.
21.0 1.4 Research questions.
- What are the different urban night life entertainment centers in Kampala central?
- What are the various activities performed in the various urban night life entertainment centers?
- What are the challenges hindering the development of urban night life as a tourism product?
22.0 1.5 Scope of the study
The
study was about assessing the development
of urban night entertainment as a tourist product taking Kampala central
division as a case study. The study covered potential urban night
centers, identified the various activities which take place and examined the
challenges facing the development of urban life tourism development. The study
took a period of 4 months which were dedicated to collecting data and analyzing
data to present this research.
23.0 1.6 Significance of the study
The
study was an exploratory study and the information generated may be useful to
planners and stake holders. The identification of different types of night life
entertainment and their development essentially helps Kampala city council (KCC)
to expand its income base by generating additional revenue for the operators.
Developing
night life as tourist products simply increasing volume of Tourists in
Kampala city and overnights. This benefits hotels and other accommodations operators, restaurants and
bars, car rental firms by increasing transactions occupancy and profits.
Researchers,
scholars in the field of urban night life will benefit from this study since
the final report will be availed to Makerere main library/ Africana section and
the geography department.
The
fact that this study is a partial requirement for the fulfillment of the
Bachelors degree of arts of Makerere Univesity; it will aid the researcher to
attain his prestigious and academic award.
24.0 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE
REVIEW
25.0 2.1 The concept of urban night life.
Many
people engage in night activities. Club style centers on sociability,
entertainment and hedonistic indulgence. On week days, an active member spends
most of his time at a bar, fraterning male companions and occasionally making a
sexual overture to an available woman (De Kadt, 1987)
Torkilden
(1956) observed there are quite a number of activities which take place at
night. He observed that among the activities that occur besides those of a club
is gambling and take place in most amusement arcades and football pitches.
Burtenshaw
(1981) noted different sorts of entertainment that take place in different areas.
He gave examples of bars, night clubs, theatres, restaurants and casinos as
some of the centers of urban night activities. He further stated that these
places tend to cluster near each other such that together they can form the
entertainment quarter which is mostly life that many customers/ Tourists seek.
The experience of pleasure is subjective
and different individuals will experience different kinds and amounts of
happiness in the same situation. Many pleasurable experiences are associated
with satisfying basic biological drives, such as eating, exercise,
sex, and even defecation.
Other pleasurable experiences are associated with social experiences and social
drives, such as the experiences of accomplishment, recognition, and service.
The appreciation of cultural artifacts and activities such as art, music, and literature
is often pleasurable.
26.0 2.2 Activities involved in urban night life entertainment
Many
people engage in night in most of the urban night entertainment centers of
Kampala central. On week days, an active member spends most of his free time at
the club bar. Among the activities involved in include sexual relationships and
links, gambling (Torkilden 1986)
27.0 2.2.1 Prostitution
Is doubly another exciting activity tourists engage in,
the urban areas at night. In the red
lights in most west European cities is very common. White and Winchester (1988)
derived a location model of urban prostitution areas based on a detailed
analysis of light districts in several west European cities. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment)
Entertainment consists of any
activity which provides a diversion or permits people to amuse
themselves in their leisure time. Entertainment is generally passive, such as
watching opera
or a movie.
Active forms of amusement, such as recreations
or sports,
are more often considered to be recreation.
Activities such as personal reading or practicing a musical instruments are considered as hobbies.
The industry that provides entertainment
is called the entertainment industry.
There are many forms of entertainment for example: cinema, theatre,
sports,
games and social dance. Puppets, clowns, pantomimes
and cartoons
tend to appeal to children, though adults may also find them enjoyable.
28.0 2.2.2 Animation
Some people find animation
to be entertaining. Similarly, some people find cartoons
to be entertaining. ((http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment).
29.0 2.2.3 Cinema and theater
Many people find cinema /or theatre
and other live performance such as circus, plays, musicals, farces,
monologues and pantomimes to be entertaining.
30.0 2.2.4 Comedy
Comedy provides
laughter and amusement. The audience is taken by surprise, by the parody or
satire of an unexpected effect or an opposite expectations of
their cultural beliefs. Slapstick film, one-liner
joke, observational humor are forms of comedy which
have developed since the early days of jesters and traveling minstrels. ((http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment).
31.0 2.2.5 Comics
Comics contain
text and drawings which convey an entertaining narrative.[4]
Several famous comics revolve around super heroes such as Superman
and Batman.
Marvel Comics
and DC Comics
are two publishers of comic books. Manga is the Japanese
word for comic
and print cartoons.
((http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment).
Caricature
is a graphical entertainment. The purpose may vary from merely putting smile on
the viewer’s face, to raising social awareness, to highlighting the moral vices
of a person being caricatured.
32.0 2.2.6 Dance and music
Many people find involvement in social dance
to be entertaining. Some people listen to or watching musical entertainment. ((http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment).
33.0 2.2.7 Games
Games provide relaxation
and diversion. Games may be played by one person for their own entertainment,
or by a group of people. Games may be played for achievement or money such as gambling
or bingo.
Racing,
chess
or checkers
may develop physical or mental prowess. Games may be geared for children, or
may be played outdoors such as lawn bowling.
Equipment may be necessary to play the game such as a deck of cards for card games,
or a board and markers for board games such as Monopoly,
or backgammon.
This can include ball games, Blind man's bluff, board games,
card games,
children's
games, croquet,
Frisbee,
hide and seek,
number games, paintball
and video games.
((http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment).
34.0 2.2.8 Other forms of entertainment
A film, also called a movie or
motion picture, is a story conveyed with moving images. It is produced by recording
photographic images with cameras, or by creating images using animation
techniques or visual effects. The process of filmmaking
has developed into an art
form and industry.
Films are cultural
artifacts created by specific cultures,
which reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Film is considered to
be an important art
form, a source of popular entertainment and a powerful method for educating
— or indoctrinating
— citizens. The visual elements of cinema give motion pictures a universal
power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by
using dubbing or subtitles
that translate
the dialogue. ((http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment).
35.0 2.3 Hindrances to the growth of urban night life.
The
are many factors that have tendered to hinder the growth of tourism which encompasses
night life. Academics studying cities have given little attention to the role
of tourism. This is true even for larger cities like London and New York where
the industry if responsible for hundreds of thousands of jobs (Fain Stain 1992)
This
lack of attention almost certainly arises from the contemporary fashionable
methodological approaches. In the past economic export base- theory suggested
that the prime sector of the urban sector of the economy was manufacturing
which drew in income from the rest of the world (Christopher M.Law 11992)
The
other fear is to have increased number of tourists in the city, as it will
result into wear and tear on facilities and increases the cost of urban management.
So on those note there is an attempt by the local community to resent the
influx of tourists in their areas (Law 1993)
All
the above identified problems plus more
that the researcher hopes to identify as the hindrances of the growth of night
clubs will be the major bend or base for
the researcher’s recommendations intended to see the reverse of the trend.
Studies
carried out noted that when two cultures interact, the dominant culture
overpowers the weak one resulting in changes within the weaker culture. The
demonstration effect is another name for this process of acculturation. It is
more apparent where economic class differences between hosts and guests. Free
spending tourists engaging in pleasurable activities exert powerful influence
on host societies. Members of the host society are drawn to the tourist culture
because of emphasis on pleasure and seemingly endless supply of money which to
many represents a modern way of life (Smith 1982).Younger members of society
are more susceptible to the
demonstration effect (Murphy 1985).
37.0 CHAPTER THREE
38.0 AREA OF STUDY AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
39.0 3.1 Introduction
40.0 This chapter presents the methodology and procedure that will be followed during the study.It describes sources of Data, research design, and sample selection, methods of data collection and design and analysis.
41.0 3.2 Area of study
The study was l be carried
out in Kampala Central division. Kampala is the capital city or Uganda and has
relatively developed urban night life centers such as clubs, casinos, bars,
\hotels, \pubs and restaurants.
Kampala
city is both the capital city of Uganda as well as a district. It is located on
latitude 00 19 N and 36 on longitude 32035 E.Kampala
covers a total land area of 176 Km2 and lies on 1180m above sea level, with an average annual of 12-150 mm and
annual minimum and maximum temperature of 170 c and 280 c
respectively.
Source; field findings 2010
3.3 Research design.
The
researcher used both qualitative and quantitative research designs. Quantitative
research design was used to collect numerical data in form of figures;
statistics of visitor numbers to the various urban night entertainment centers
visited and qualitative research design was used to collect data from on night life
activities provided , types of recreationists involved, opinion of recreationists
on management, facilities and services provided. These aimed to establish
quality of nightlife and attractiveness in motivating potential domestic and
international recreationist.
3.4 Sampling Framework.
The
study sample included a total of 60 respondents. The researcher used random and.
purposeful sampling technique to select respondents. The purposeful technique was used to select
top management and staff of these urban night entertainment centers while
random sampling was used to select recreationists. The researcher visited three
(3) clubs, two(2) casinos, four (4) bars, three (3) pubs, and three (restaurants).
The
management and staff of urban night entertainment centers were purposefully selected because they are the
ones who designed the concept of urban night life in these centers, manages
them and their clients and understand the needs of their clients. There were Twenty
(20) in number. The researcher also randomly selected 10 respondents from the
staff of the various urban night life centers visited and 20 (Twenty
respondents) from recreationists
41.1 3.5 Data Collection Methods
41.2 Various methods of data collection were used to collect data including questionnaires, interviews, documentary methods and observation.
41.2.1 3.5.1 Observation
According
to Bailey (1994), observation is a primary technique of collecting data on non
verbal form of phenomenon. In this study it was used to physically examine
different types of entertainment centers. Participant observation was used to
identify different forms of night life activities, facilities, services in Kampala
night life entertainment centers. This gave first hand assessment of assortment
of night life entertainments in central Division, Kampala. It also helped to
assess constraints and opportunities of developing
night life entertainment of the Division as an augment tourist product in the
entire city.
41.2.2 3.5.2 Interviewing.
This
involved face to face discussion with the management of these centers. Mainly,
key informant technique was used to gain a deeper insight to operations of
these centers, activities provided, needs of clients challenges of managing
these centers and future plans. However, during
participant observation, some few recreationists were interviewed mainly informally to get
first-hand perceptions on night life entertainment in central division, Kampala.
This method proved to be important in getting feeling on how to improve,
expand, market and develop night life entertainment as tourist resources and
activities in Kampala city.
41.2.3 3.5.3 Secondary data sources.
In
this method, secondary sources of data were reviewed. These included related
literature from different libraries and other resource centers. Literature
which was reviewed was in relation to the study objectives. This identified the
information gap and was expected to provide a firm background for the study.
Some of the libraries that were visited included Makerere University Main
Library, World Bank Library and Geography Department book bank. Besides the library search, Internet Surfing
was also used to review literature sources on the World Wide Web.
3.5 Data Analysis and Presentation.
Since
both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, it required the
researcher to use various methods to analyze them which included use of
frequency tables, graphs and charts to analyze data.
42.0 CHAPTER FOUR
43.0 PRESENTATION OF RESEARCH FINDINGS
44.0 4.1 Night life centers in Central Division, Kampala
45.0 4.1.1 Night clubs
During
the research, the researcher identified the following night
clubs st in Kampala Central division;
Angenior and Ange- Mystique located on plot 77a 1st street
industrial, Kampala, centenary barbeque lo9unge located on Jinja road
Club
silk was another night club which identified by the researcher an d this is
located between plot 25-17 1st street industrial area
Other
night clubs identified included, the Rouge Lounge located on 2-2B Kampala road,
Plaza cinema Building, Kampala, Kampala Latino club located 19 Acacia Avenue
Kololo, Equator lounge located in Kampala Sheraton Hotel.
Source: Field findings
2010
46.0 4.1.2 Casinos
During
the research, the research identified the following casinos to be existing in
Kampala central division and these included; Simba casino located in Garden
city shopping mall, 64-84 Yusuf Lule road, Kampala as seen in plate 4, Myfair
casino, located at Kisozi close off Nakasero road, Nakasero, Kampala casino
located Kimathi Avenue Kampala and the Grand Casino located at 17-25 Huntington
Road Block B, crested Towers Kampala
47.0 4.1.3 Restaurants and Bars
Restaurants
Restaurants
which were identified by the researcher included fang fang Chinese restaurant
located on 1 Colville street roof Terrace, communication house as shown in
plate 2 below, Afro Caribbean restaurant located at 34c Kyadondo road, china
plate located 11 cooper road Kisementi, Great wall 21 Kampala Road, Kampala,
Food paradise 2 Katanga road Nakasero, Just kicking sports Bar cooper Road
Kisementi and Kampala Casino as shown in plate 3
48.0 Bars.
A
good number of bars exist in Kampala central as summarized in table 1 below.
The common types of drinks sold in these bars are beers, spirits and wines,
mineral water, sodas and Vodkas as shown in plate 2 and 3 for Efendy’s at Centenary Park and city bar respectively.
Table
1: Showing bars in Kampala Central
Division
NAME OF BAR
|
LOCATION
|
-
Green Garden
-
Barbeque Lounge
-
Ciao Bella Disco
-
Kyoto
-
4 points
-
Efendy’s
|
Centenary
park along
|
Mateos
|
Plot
13 parliament Avenue
|
Fat
Boys
|
7
cooper road Kisementi
|
Slow Boat
|
Plot
2 Kampala road
|
Equator
Bar
|
Sheraton Hotel, Ternan Avenue- Nakasero
|
Kampala
Latin club
|
Plot
19 Acacia Avenue Kololo Kampala
|
Chi
Bar
|
Plot
56 Lumumba Avenue Nakasero
|
City
Bar
|
Kampala
Road
|
Bubbles
O Leary’s/Irish pub
|
Plot
19 Acacia Avenue
|
Source;
Research findings
The researcher identified the following bars
to do exist in Kampala central at
centenary park the researcher identified; the Green Garden, barbeque lounge,
Ciao Bella Disco Bar near the around about., Kyoto, 4 points and Efendy’s.
Centenary park is located along Jinja,
Kampala
Other
bars visited included mateoes, which is located plot 13 parliament avenue,
Kampala, Fat boys located in 7 Cooper road Kisementi ,slow boat which is both a
bar and restaurant located on plot 2
Kampala road, Equator Bar, situates in Sheraton, Ternan Avenue, Nakasero,
Kampala, Kampala Latino club located at
at Plot 19 acacia avenue, Kololo Kampala, chi bar and restaurant located
on plot 56 Lumumba Avenue Nakasero, Kampala, City bar located on Kampala road
and Bubbles O Leary’s /Irish pub located at plot 19 Acacia avenue, Kololo.
Plate 1 shows the Centenary Barbeque Lounge.
Plate 2: Showing Efendy’s at Centenary
Park
Source:
Field findings
Plate
3: Showing city bar in Kampala
Central.
49.0 Source: Research findings
50.0 4.1.4 Shopping and entertainment centers.
The
researcher identified 2 main shopping centers and these were; Garden city
shopping center is located on Yusuf Lule road and Nakummat Oasis mall is located
Yusuf Lule road, Kampala
These
shopping centers provide entertainment to the people as many come to shop. They
are also coiled with entertainment centers like bars, restaurants and casinos.
51.0 4.2 Various Night life activities
52.0 4.2.1 Sex working/Prostitution.
Sex working/prostitution is one of the main
activities which were identified.Sex working /prostitution in Kampala was categorized
according to the area of operation. The researcher managed to identify that the
area of operation was very vital for this activity and charges depended mainly
on the area of operation. The researcher identified that there were three areas
of operation which included; The first category were those operating near
hotels like speak hotel and Rock gardens,
second category were those operating
outside night clubs like club silk and Angenior disco- theque and the
last category were those operating in brothels like Kivulu
Through face to face interviews with some of the
prostitutes which were found near clubs like near club silk and Angenior gave
various responses as to why they carried out prostitution. Many of them gave it
as the only type of Job on the market; others gave the influence as peer
pressure, others gave desperate for sex while others gave lack of care from
husbands.
The research
revealed that those who operate near hotels like speak hotel and Rock gardens
charge more as compare to those who operate from brothels. This is because they
mostly target foreign nationals.
Tourists
engage in prostitution and it is believed to be an exciting activity in most
urban night entertainment centers of Kampala Central division.
4.2.2 Gambling
Another exciting activity that recreationist engage
in while in some of the urban night entertainment centers is gambling. Gambling
includes amusement arcades, football betting, casino betting, and lotteries.
The research identified gambling in casinos which
were visited. There were also a number of sport betting units where people went
for sport betting gambling.
53.0 4.2.3 Social Drinking and eating
De
Kadt, (1987) noted that many people engage in night activities. Club style centers
on sociability, entertainment and hedonistic indulgence. On week days, an
active member spends most of his time at a bar, fraterning male companions and
occasionally making a sexual overture to an available woman. Almost all the urban night entertainment
centers that were visited social drinking was almost in every urban night
entertainment.
54.0 4.2.4 Cinema entertainment
Many people find cinema as their form of urban
night entertainment. The researcher identified; Cineplex located at garden city
shopping mall 3rd floor as one the outstanding cinemas offering cinema
entertainment
55.0 4.2.5 Other night events
Fashion
show, Beauty contest, launching songs, contests and plays
Arapapa models
were one of the renowned fashion and design companies in Kampala and Uganda.
The company is located on kirra road next to the British high commission.
According to the proprietor of the company arapapa deals in fashion styles of
all ages, sex and nationality to suite the growing demand of the market. Monga
fashion and designs was yet another fashion design Located in Kampala central
along Buganda road, the study revealed that Monga fashion and designers company
offers tailoring services, fashion
marketing .Kabindi fashions was also identified as fashion designers
located on duster Street and deals in
modeling, creative designing, fashion
marketing among others
Beauty
contents and song launchings and plays were other urban night. Most of the
urban night entertainment centers do organize beauty contests and song launchings.
Sabrinas pub along Bombo road was one of
the places which organizes song launchings.
56.0 4.3 Typology of life recreationist
Information
which was thought about the type of recreationists who visit the different
urban night centers from the different urban night urban night visited that,
out the 30 respondents who were interviewed from the staff and management of
the different urban night centers, 15 respondents pointed out recreationists who visit their centers are
foreign residents and were represented by 50%,10 pointed out that those who visit there centers
are domestic recreationists who were represented by 33% and 5 pointed out that recreationist who visit the
urban night centers are foreign non residents and these were compose of 17% .Table 1 shows the summary of the type of
recreationist and the kind of travel undertaken by recreationist.
Table1: Showing the summary of the type
of recreationist.
Type of recreationist
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
Foreign
residents
|
15
|
50%
|
Domestic
recreationists
|
10
|
33%
|
Foreign
non residents
|
5
|
17%
|
Total
|
30
|
100%
|
Source:
Research findings 2010
Source:
Research findings 2010
Information
was also sought from recreationist about the type of travel they had
undertaken. Out the 20 questionnaires administered to tourist/recreationists
about the type of travel, 5 pointed out that their type of travel was
individual and were represented by 25%, 2 pointed that their travel was family
travel represented by 10%, 5 pointed out
that they visits where because of peer groups
and where represented by 25%while 8 pointed out that their travel were
held because of friendly groups and were represented by 40%.More respondents
being drawn from friendly travel, it might have indicated that most the urban
night recreationists are motivated because of friends. Table 4 shows the
summary of the motivation of travel.
Plate 4: Showing the summary of motivation of travel.
Type of Travel
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
Individual
travel
|
5
|
25%
|
Family
travel
|
2
|
10%
|
Peer
groups
|
5
|
25%
|
Friendly
groups
|
8
|
40%
|
Total
|
100%
|
Source:
Research findings 2010
Source:
Research findings 2010
56.1 4.6 CHALLENGES HINDERING THE DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN NIGHT LIFE IN KAMPALA CENTRAL DIVISION.
Low participation rate
was one the major challenges hindering the development of urban night life
entertainment centers. Low participation was identified to be as a result of low marketing, public relations and
promotional campaign.
Security
was another serious challenge hindering the development of urban night life
entertainment in Kampala. After the 2 major explosions in one in
True is that most urban night entertainment centres
in Kampala central division are individually owned or family owned. Therefore
individual’s ability to withstand tough economic times in order to gain more
profits not yet investing in enough funds to market their business. They have
placed more samples on cash needs and cost control whereby, they have failed to
easily publicise yet they have stayed for years. This was evidenced mostly in
restaurants where the employees where related to the owner and mostly the mode
of communication was their native local language.
Lack
of competitiveness: Most Urban night
centers visited establishments lack enough competiveness because of the fact
that individual business are not at mercy of broad environmental force and
competition for resources guarantee that only some such centers will survive. This has been a challenge
because of the fact that the owners of hospitality establishments have other
sources of income and so tend to relax.
Poor
advertising is yet another challenge which was found to be faced by most urban
night entertainment centers in Kampala central. Most of the centers hardly had
Internet advertising. Those which had most of them had failed to maintain up to
date Internet advertising which covers a wider geographical area. However some
of them had maintained their internet and were up to
date.
Low
demand was yet another challenge which was faced in the development of most of
these urban night entertainment centers. By most urban night entertainment
centers in Kampala was mainly faced by hotel establishments. This challenge was
faced mostly after the two major explosions which took place during the world
cup finals which claimed many lives of people. This made urban night centers at
a standstill as people scared moving at night. Because of the limited sales, it
affects recruitment process of workers where by it brings about recruitment of
inefficient and cheap workers to be recruited which will affect service provision
and hence under development of the facility.
Eratic
nature of power supply was yet another challenge which was identified by the
researcher. The erratic power supply mostly affected the activities in most of
the urban night entertainment centers. Most notably are clubs where disco are
greatly disrupted by power shortage. All these. All these make the business not
profitable thus limited development of urban night entertainment centers.
Unskilled
human resource is yet another stumbling block for the development of the urban
night entertainment centers. It was established by the researcher that most of
the urban night entertainment centers visited employed relatives who are not
skilled enough to face challenges of the urban night entertainment industry;
they are corrupt and not accountable to the funds which would otherwise be used
in the development of the facility simply because of lack of skills.
Hooliganism,
theft and drug abuse were yet other serious challenges which were identified by
respondents to be limiting the development of some of the urban night
entertainment centers. This act was given mostly by the management of all clubs
in the town council. They stressed that hooliganism brings about low clientele
thus reduced revenue leading to a slump in the development of the sector.
Payments
by use of fake forms of currencies by some untrustworthy people was sighted as
another challenge being limiting the full development of these establishments
hindering their growth. This was mostly faced in restaurants.
57.0 CHAPTER FIVE.
57.1 SUMMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.
58.0 5.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS.
The main objective was to assess the development of urban night
entertainment as a tourism product. At its infant stage, the study was guided
with three specific research objectives, which were set by the researcher
herself which included; identifying the different urban night entertainment
centers in Uganda, identifying the different activities in the urban night
centers and examining the challenges facing the development of urban night
entertainment centers in Kampala central division
The research established that Kampala central has got various urban
night entertainment centers ranging from clubs, Restaurants, bars, clubs and
among others. It was also found out however, that some of the urban night
entertainment centers in Kampala central were fused together with others to
form one major establishment. The researcher observed foristance that clubs
were being fused with restaurants.
However, despite of all the above, it was also established that urban
night centers are being faced by a number of challenges. One of the major
challenges with which was noticed in almost all the sectors were unskilled labor.
This was partly because most hospitality establishments were employing
relatives who had no skills in service delivery. This was looked at to be
solved by training workers.
58.1 5.2 Conclusion.
There
are a few urban night entertainment establishments, which can be, complemented
with the existing magnificent attractions in Kampala central division. The
researcher identified there are a number of problems hindering the development
of these urban night entertainment sectors in the district, however most of the
problems were beyond their reach foristance erratic power supplies and taxes.
The contribution of these sectors to the growth of the town therefore is still
low.
Therefore,
on the basis of the study findings regarding the assessment of urban night
entertainment as a tourism product taking Kampala Central division as a case study,
the researcher concluded that its only if the government has put in efforts in
developing the urban night entertainment in Kampala that it will become a
unique tourism product.
58.2 5.3 Recommendations.
In order to enhance the development of urban night entertainment as a
tourism product in Kampala Central division, I recommend the following
to be put in order.
There
should be innovativeness in the services and activities provided by these urban
night entertainment centers. For example, restaurants have to widen so that
guests/Clients have a variety to choose from, clubs have to diversify their
activities so that clients also have a variety to choose from and casinos and
bars have to do the same.
In
urban night centers where there is hooliganism and theft, I recommend that the
management security guards and bouncers to help cab down such evils which lead
to loss of clients, thus less revenue collected.
There
is also need to create working conditions to link with tour operators. They
should create good working conditions and relationship with the tour operators
and travel agents to help them package their products to the urban night
recreationists.
Training
of employees should not be underestimated.. The researcher found out that there
is need to train and retrain and retain employees and staff. This is because the
urban night entertainment industry today has been revolutionalised by fast
growing technology and this has turned into global village. When workers are
updated, they will keep informed and provide excellent services to guests. This
will create modernity and hence development.
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