Sunday, 20 May 2018

HOSPITALITY,URBAN NIGHTLIFE







ILLEGAL ACCESS

THE CONTRIBUTION OF HOSPITALITY SECTOR TO THE GROWTH OF MUKONO TOWN: CASE STUDY MUKONO TOWN COUNCIL

CHAPTER ONE


1.1                Introduction and Background to the study
“Hunziker and Krapf, in 1941, defined tourism as "the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, insofar as they do not lead to permanent residence and are not connected with any earning activity." In 1976 Tourism Society of England defined it as "Tourism is the temporary, short-term movement of people to destination outside the places where they normally live and work and their activities during the stay at each destination. It includes movements for all purposes." In 1981 International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism defined Tourism in terms of particular activities selected by choice and undertaken outside the home environment.” (www.sidestore.com)

With annual revenues approaching $3.5 trillion, the global hospitality industry is the world’s largest [and fastest growing] industry representing25 per cent of global trade and 10 per cent of employment (Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia). Over the last decade in Uganda alone, the hospitality sector has expanded and this growth is reflected in the increased amount of opportunities for investment. It is one of the biggest industries in Uganda and it employs a big number of people. At one time, Ambassador Anwarul Karim Chowdury, an Under Secretary at the UN, shared his thoughts on the hospitality industry’s impact on world economic and cultural growth as he said, “The tourism industry employs one out of every 11 people (Cohen, 2007).

With help of unique efforts by government and all other stakeholders including hotel owners, resort managers, tour and travel operators and employees who work in the sector. Today the increment of the hospitality sector has gained a level of acceptance as a means of contributing to the growth in the country.  Although an increment of the hospitality sector is not an indication of the quality of growth, it is held conventionally that it does provide an important step towards growth, which Uganda has seemingly undergone. Many take Ugandan hospitality service not for its quality of service, but being a cheap destination for leisure tourism.

Although hospitality is a difficult sector to define, it is an umbrella term for a broad variety of service industries including, but not limited to, hotels, food service, casinos, and tourism. Hospitality is all about offering warmth to someone who looks for help at a strange or unfriendly place. It refers to the process of receiving and entertaining a guest with goodwill and in most cases it is commercial.  Hospitality in the commercial context refers to the activity of hotels, restaurants, catering, inn, resorts or clubs who make a vocation of treating tourists. The hospitality industry covers a diverse range of establishments providing hospitality services in the form of accommodation, meals and drinks. Uganda is among the countries were hospitality sector has taken lead in different districts of which Mukono is one and specifically Mukono Town Council. The hospitality sector in Uganda however, greatly deteriorated in the period 1970-1986 when the country experienced turmoil. Problems were experienced in tourist destinations and there were severe shortages in accommodation facilities.

With unlimited tourism and untapped business prospects, Mukono Town council is growing at a faster rate because of the hospitality sector. Availability of qualified human resources and untapped geographical resources give great prospects to the hospitality industry. However, the number of tourists coming to Uganda is growing year after year. Likewise, internal tourism is another area with great potentials. The expansion of the hospitality sector is an important phenomenon which has implications growth and development prospects in the country. However, in Mukono Town Council, the hospitality sector has taken a central role to the growth of the area which the researcher has opted to find out and its contributions.    

1.2                Statement of the problem
“The hospitality industry in Greater Rochester is multidimensional and larger than it appears on the surface. The area's restaurants, theaters, night clubs, sports teams and museums have a substantial financial and employment impact on our communities, they support other businesses and they help reinvigorate our neighborhoods. To understand just how profound a role this industry plays in the economy and our lives, a myth must be dispelled: The hospitality industry is more than the high school student at the counter of a fast-food restaurant, the cleaning staff at an area hotel and the ticket-taker at an amusement park. As in any type of business, the hospitality industry has some low-wage positions, but it also has a large number of highly paid, skilled positions filled by dedicated professionals who contribute to the growth of the communities in which they live. (Dustin Swanger 2002)”. The study therefore seeks to analyse the contribution of the hospitality sector in Uganda with specific reference to the growth of Mukono Town Council.

1.3      Objectives of the study
1.3.1          The General Objective:
 To examine the contribution of the hospitality sector to the growth of Mukono Town in Uganda

1.3.2          Specific objectives
a)      To identify the different hospitality sub sectors in Mukono Town Council.
b)      To establish the contributions of the hospitality to development of Mukono Town Council.
c)       To examine the challenges faced by the hospitality sector in Mukono Town Council.

1.4        Research questions
  The study will be guided by the following research questions.
a)      What are the different Hospitality sub sectors in Mukono Town Council?
b)      What are the contributions of the hospitality sector towards the growth of Mukono Town Council?
c)       What are the challenges faced by the hospitality sector in Mukono Town Council?
      d) What can be done to overcome the challenges?

1.4                Scope of the study
The district borders Lakes Victoria to the East and Lake Kyoga to the North and River Nile, which separates it from Jinja district to the North-East.
There are vast natural forests in the district, like Mabira forest, with a wide diversity of flora and fauna. Mukono Town Council is divided into 4 administrative wards including Ggulu, Nsuube/Kauga, Namumira/Anthony and Ntawo comprising 41 villages.
The sample will comprise of 75 respondents i.e. Management and Staff of the hospitality establishments, Officials from the town council and the tourists/guests. Conceptually, the study will be limited to contribution of the hospitality sector to the growth of Mukono Town in Uganda.








CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE RE REVIEW
2.1   Introduction
Hospitality is such a high growth industry and a major player within the global economy.  The industry is often referred to as an umbrella that encompasses several different paths, which include lodging (hotels, motels, and resorts), restaurants, gaming, airlines, cruises, spa management, event management, culinary, and anything else that revolves around customer satisfaction and selling an intangible product. It is therefore, a sector which involves different sub sectors, has different job opportunities and its expansion greatly contributes to the growth of a nation.  To understand such variables, there is a number of existing works on hospitality by different writers who have focused on the different sub sectors, its contributions. Although it contributes greatly to nation’s growth and development, the sector also faces a number of challenges. 

2.2 The different hospitality sub sectors
The hospitality sector includes all businesses that provide food, beverages, and/or accommodation services (Ward, 2007). Different academicians have to broken down the sector of hospitality. According to Gutteridge, (2005), hospitality can be broken down into five sub sectors: restaurants; pubs, clubs and bars; hotels; contract catering; and hospitality services.
Hotels - A hotel is an establishment that provides paid lodging, usually on a short-term basis (Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia). Hotels often provide a number of additional guest services such as a restaurant, a swimming pool or childcare. Some hotels have conference services and meeting rooms and encourage groups to hold conventions and meetings at their location. They range from small, independent country hotels to luxury five-star hotels Gutteridge, 2005).  Uganda, as country has around ….hotels which offers full board accommodation for the guests. Hotels employ a large number of people in the county, as well as accommodating thousands of visitors who come into the country. Constant growth of Hotels in Uganda has lit up the country as well as promoted the sector (Kisibo Jackie, 2007). It is argued, that Hotels recognize the increase which is positive for the country’s development and the country is becoming a travel destination despites the challenges.
Restaurants- A restaurant is a retail establishment that serves prepared food to customers (Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia). Service is generally for eating on premises, though the term has been used to describe take-out establishments and food delivery services. This is quite a diverse sector with many small, independent businesses alongside the burgeoning branded sector. It is an area where self employment is a possibility, especially if you have flair and initiative. This sub sector includes take-away food outlets, fine dining, ethnic restaurants and coffee bars. It remains relatively resilient, as even in an economic downturn, people still enjoy eating out and their taste in food is eclectic. There are many outlets, employing more full and part-time staff in Uganda. Gutteridge (2005), notes that, 70% of businesses are owner-operated with the other 30% owned by groups.  However, this percentage applies more developed countries than in countries like Uganda and specifically in Mukono Town where almost all restaurants are owner operated.

Pubs, club and bars – The distinction between this sub sector and restaurants is blurring with many of these establishments now offering food. Like restaurants, there’s a mixture between small, independent businesses, tenanted or freehold businesses and large groups who own particular brands. For instance, in United Kingdom licensed retail sector is worth £20 billion and it currently employs over 900,000 people in total. They range from small, country pubs to large, city nightclubs and bars (source: British Institute of Innkeepers website). Labour turnover is high mainly due to the large number of students employed and there is a high proportion of part-time staff. However, promotion can be quick and branded chains can offer excellent management opportunities.

Contract catering – This sub sector involves any catering business unit that is separately operated and managed. Some of the outlets supplied by contract caterers are schools, hospitals, local authority and in-company catering and food services (Gutteridge, 2005). This sub sector is also known as out catering for instance in Uganda, but doesn’t contract schools, hospitals. Instead they contract parties, Weddings among others. It’s a rapidly expanding sub sector of the industry and is dominated by a handful of large players.

Hospitality services – According to Gutteridge, this sub sector is one of the big players in this sector are public sector institutions, such as schools, hospitals, universities and civil service departments. Within this, though, contracting out means that contract caterers are also heavily involved in this area. It incorporates all those working in establishments where hospitality is not the main function and is not contracted out. Areas include medical, educational, industrial, retail, culture/sport, public administration and transport. Future growth is linked to the strength of the economy and, therefore, the demand for in-house services, although this could be offset by an increase in outsourcing to contract caterers (source: Hospitality Training Foundation).




2.3 Contributions of the hospitality Sector
The hospitality sector in Uganda has greatly expanded in the past five years and this growth has greatly contributed to economic development, employment, infrastructure, social-cultural development of a nation.

Economic development
According to the World Bank, Uganda has been a robust economic performer over the last few years, with real growth averaging close to 7%. There has also been a 38% drop in poverty between 1992 and 2000 (Phipps. K, Sangudi. G, Woolway. S, 2003).  The population growth is 2.6 %, GNI per capita is $281 and $5.7billion (same source), although 50% of the national budget is sourced through donor aid. In Uganda, the hospitality sector contributes substantially to the productivity and employment and the economy's competitiveness but more has to be done if the industry is to compete successfully in the global market of the future. According to Louis D’Amore, Founder and President of International Institute for Peace through Tourism (IIPT),  noted that in Uganda, Serena Hotel in particular the chain  owned by the Aga Kahn and the company has dedicated itself to economic development and to economic growth; it’s a model of a corporate enterprise trying to make a contribution.  

In terms of employment, the hospitality industry is probably the world’s fastest-growing, job-creating profession, employing one in ten people worldwide. It is an industry that is growing rapidly, with many great career opportunities in the years ahead. According to Harald Wiedenhofer, (2005), the hospitality industry is a major employer in Europe with a workforce of over 7.5 million. However, this is not only in Europe alone but also in Africa and Uganda specifically. Although the industry employs a big number of people, not every one can work in this sector.
However, this is not an industry that sleeps either; there are positions that require shifts during all times of the day, some more demanding than others. One variable remains constant, and that is a challenging and exhilarating atmosphere. Despite the challenges faced in this sector, it is one of the biggest revenue generators of the world that has led to growth of many cities and towns.  

 Available research shows the industry employs a big number of people. For instance in the United Kingdom, it is made up of about 127,000 businesses and employs a workforce of 1.6 million people. There are approximately 22,000 hotels and guest houses, plus around 16,000 bed and breakfasts, in the UK (British hospitality Association).   Hotels offer management, event organisation, restaurant and bar work and a whole range of operational role (Ward 2007). Most hotel programmes are designed to develop operations managers of the future and to achieve this, graduate trainees spend their training period moving around various departments and hotels within the group. Such departments could include: front of house; restaurant; housekeeping; accounts; conference and events; sales and marketing; and human resources. Hotels argue that this broad training before specialisation gives a greater understanding of the business and this is important in a competitive market where brand identity, company ethos and uniformity of service are paramount ( Gutteridge, 2005).

However, though such information is given, not all graduate trainees become operations managers. Many specialise in an area of their training, either within a hotel or develop in a head office function, such as accounting and finance, information technology, human resources, sales and marketing. In Uganda, one can join the industry without even a single qualification and just get training on the job. This is because most of them are privately owned for instance the children of owners of the sector, unlike in the developed world.
In the restaurant sub sector, again the larger players have graduate schemes and many features of these will be similar in the pubs, clubs and bars. With many programmes you would join as an assistant manager and undertake structured training, particularly in the areas of leadership, finance, health and safety and customer service. Although the hospitality sector contributes a lot national development, and specifically employment, in Uganda the level of unemployment is still high.

Infrastructure
With the increase of number of hospitality sectors, infrastructures is getting better, as more and more hotels, restaurants among others are opening up, and are trying their best to provide best possible customer service and experience. As the Hospitality Industry is high on the Industry scale, every hotel is now intent on gaining the maximum. Where earlier the focus was on selling rooms the same is now shifted to maximization of room yield. Guest room is a perishable commodity. Arriving at a potential value of room when in demand is an art. Most deluxe hotels deploy ‘Revenue enhancement\Yield Management application. Keeping the manual track of a bulk room inventory, looking at the future booking trends and calculating the potential room rate manually is too tedious a task, Harish Chandra, 2007.

Similarly hotel room booking and various other travel-tourism related services could be booked by a customer on-line at the best available rate. Advance IT software and systems make it possible for many agents and operators to provide a bouquet of complete services. For instance from Airline ticket booking, airport pick and drop to Hotel room booking along with sightseeing at very nominal rates due to consolidation and integration of all travel and tourism related services using various software’s and booking engines interface. Due to this integration, booking engines are empowered to great deals to customers online.
To improve operations and record guest feedback hotels deploy ‘Hotel communication system’. In this application all guest calls are recorded. This helps the Hotel management to know the key repetitive issues and challenges that are required to be addressed. This system also helps hotels to measure the productivity of employees for employee recognition programs.

Although most of this modern infrastructure is found in developed countries, In Uganda the hospitality sector has greatly contributed to the improvements of infrastructure due to the stiff competition. This however, helps to promote, foster and encourage development and growth not only of the hospitality sector but also the economy.  

  2.4              Challenges facing the hospitality industry
Like any other industry, the hospitality sector both in developed and developing countries is faced many challenges and opportunities. Different scholars however, have identified different challenges that are faced by this sector. These include poor infrastructure, high staff turnover, lack of skilled labour and recruitment difficulties, English Proficiency, finances among others.

Retention; According to the United States Department of labor, they note that, high turnover is a key challenge in the hospitality industry. The restaurant, hotel and lodging sectors have difficulty retaining skilled workers because of the negative image that the industry faces. This negativity, greatly affects the industry not only in the U.S but also in countries like Uganda especially the lodging and pubs sub sectors.

Like other service sectors, hospitality careers are often stereotyped as low-wage and entry-level with little opportunity for advancement. Consequently, qualified workers, especially youth, are unaware the range of hospitality careers available (Employment and Training Administration, U.S. Department of Labor). Due to the low wages, employees are always on the move for better pay, which make it had in this industry to always train new staff.  

English Proficiency; In addition, the U.S department of labor also identifies English proficiency is another key challenge because a large percentage of the hospitality workforce does not speak English as their primary language. Employers seek language training programs that allow workers to effectively perform their job, which includes providing good customer service and understanding safety requirements. However, in Uganda such a problem is more common not in hotels, but in Pubs, lodges and restaurant, as long as they know the basics which is more important. In countries like Uganda such training programmes are not made available to the employees.      

Consistent training models and skills certifications: The hospitality industry as a whole lacks consistency and portability in their training models and skill certifications. Many employers run their own internal training programs for entry-level workers, which makes it difficult to monitor the content of training and the skills acquired.
Employability/Soft Skills: Employers have difficulty finding workers who possess basic “soft skills,” which are often a prerequisite for success in a customer service-oriented field.

Lastly, the hospitality sector is faced with a big burden of operating in a developing country with limited infrastructure and limited resources nearly. For instance In Uganda, the roads are bad and technology is too expensive for most sectors to compete internationally. 

In all, the hospitality sector is one of the biggest sectors worldwide, with a lot of literature written by different scholars. It is a sector that includes all businesses that provide food, beverages, and/or accommodation services. The hospitality industry covers a wide ranging number of services and activities which include: restaurants; pubs, bars and clubs; hotels; contract catering and hospitality services. However, this makes sector is a major player within the global economy, since contributes a lot to economic development, infrastructure, and employment. Despite its contribution, scholars have identified a number of challenges faced by the sector some of which are too complex one organization to solve alone. Although several works have been done, most of the focus on developed countries, and big cities, throughout the world. However, little is known on Town Councils in Uganda, what and how the hospitality sector has contributed in that area.

“Companies in the hospitality industry face a highly competitive environment in which differentiation and providing an innovative customer experience are key elements building brand awareness and loyalty among customers. However, many companies spend the majority of time focused on improving core operations rather than the fundamental customer experience. This point of contact – where the customer and hospitality enterprise interact directly – is where the customer experience is most important. And, it’s often the difference between a repeat customer and a dissatisfied customer. However, to create time for hospitality management to focus on the customer experience, means executives must free themselves from running the less-value added parts of the core business. This is often difficult to achieve because of the volume of issues hospitality companies deal with today:”
(www.microsoft.com/mappoint/industries/hospitality/hos_challenges.mspx)



CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

1.1     3.1    Introduction

This chapter presents the methodology and procedure that was followed during the study. It describes sources of data, research designed, sample selection, methods of data collection and design and data analysis.

1.2     3.1    Area of study

Mukono District is located in Central Uganda lies between longitudes 320 35”E and 33 0 05 “E and latitudes 000 and 1030” N It borders the districts of Jinja and Kamuli to the east, Mpigi and Luwero to the west, Apac to the north and Tanzania to the south .The district covers an area of 14,241 Km2 of which 9,648 Km2 is open water and swamps.

The climate of Mukono district is influenced by Mabira Forest Reserve and Lakes Kyoga and Victoria. The District experiences two rainy seasons (March - May and September to December) with a mean annual rainfall of 1400- 1600 mm but much higher as 1600 -2000 mm in areas close to the lakes and forest reserve. The mean annual maximum temperatures of Mukono District is 25 - 27.5 C and mean annual minimum is 15 - 17.5 C. Evaporation of 1472 mm is much lower than rainfall received (1610 mm) rendering the district a rain fall surplus zone. The town is at the heart of a wealthy district, whose major economic activities include among others coffee, tea, vanilla and sugar production, fishing and livestock production. A range of wholesale and retail businesses are also thriving in the town. Mukono town is also used as a center from which business people from the interior access supplies of essential commodities from wholesalers (www.mukonotc.go.ug, visited 18 May 2008)

1.3     3.2    Research design

The researcher will use both qualitative and quantitative research designs during the research process. Quantitative research design will be used to collect numerical data in form of figures, statistics of visitor numbers and qualitative research design will be used to collect raw data from respondents which can not be quantified. These will help in generating a more comprehensive data about the topic from various sources and allowing for a more descriptive and analytical analysis of the respondents/ views. Nature of research will mainly be descriptive.

1.4     3.3    Sampling framework

The study sample will include a total of 75 respondents. The researcher will use random and purposeful sampling techniques as methods of selecting respondents for the interview. The purposeful technique will be used to select top management from hospitality establishments and officials from the district local council while random sampling will be used to select the employees at the different establishments, tour companies and, tourists/guests. This means that the population sample will include Management and staffs at different hospitality establishments, district officials, tour operators, employees, and tourists/guests since they are the people who have knowledge of the contribution of hospitality sector to the growth of Mukono town.

Table: 3.1 showing nature of respondents.
Category
Frequency
Management & Staff of hospitality establishments
30
Officials from Mukono town council
5
Tour companies
5
Guests
35
Total
75
Source: Researcher’s Conceptualizations

The managers will be purposefully selected because they are the highest persons in as far as management is concerned and should be able to provide the researcher with credible information on the topic of study.  The managers will also be purposefully selected because of lack of alternatives.

Five staff members will be randomly selected from four different hospitality establishments. A list of all the staff members will be got from management and all the names of staff appearing on that list will be written on small pieces of paper and put in a container. Whoever will be picked, will represent others in providing data on the topic, Forty guests will be selected randomly. The researcher expects to find these at the hospitality establishments visited. This study will also ensure that all guests are given equal opportunity to participate both local and foreign guests alike.

Local tour companies will also be picked randomly and they will all get equal opportunity to participate in the study. This is because most tour operators have close interaction with guests so they could be in position to give details of the response of their visitors towards the hospitality sector in Mukono district.
                                                                                   
3.4                Techniques of Data Collection                                                                                         

1.4.1   3.4.1   Observation

The researcher will use her naked eyes to observe supplementary phenomenon as regards the attractions, services and facilities in Mukono town council. She will also try to observe the number of tourists who turn up at the different hospitality establishments whether they are foreign or domestic tourists.

Observations will be conducted primarily to survey and may also be conducted jointly with document study or experimentation. According to Bailey (1994), observation is a primary technique of collecting data on non verbal behaviour although it most commonly involves insight or visual data collection. It could also include data collection via the other senses such as hear, touch, ors smell.  

1.4.2   3.4.2   Interviewing

According to Arora (1996), interviewing is the use of direct conversation with the subject or witness who can furnish the relevant data. It has the objective of recognising hitherto unknown information. This will involve face to face discussion between the researcher and the respondents. Questions which are related to the topic of study will be asked to the Management of hospitality establishments, local council officials of Mukono town council and tour operators.  These are expected to give the researcher an in depth knowledge of what the tourists think about state of hospitality establishments.

1.4.3   3.4.3   Questionnaire method.

This will involve the setting of questions that will be taken to the field for the respondents to field in.  It will involve the use of both closed and open ended questions. In open ended questions, the researcher will set questions that require the respondents to give their views on the research topic while closed ended, the researcher will set questions and give possible answers where respondents will choose from. This will be applied to the tourists/guests, employees of tour companies and employees of the different establishments visited.

1.4.4   3.4.4   Library Search

In this method, secondary sources of data will be reviewed. These will include related literature from different libraries and other resource centres. Literature to be reviewed will be in relation to the study objectives and identified the information gap and is expected to provide a firm background for the study. Some of the libraries to be visited include Makerere University Main Library and Geography Department book bank.  Besides the library search, Internet Surfing will be used to review literature sources on the World Wide Web.

1.5     3.5    Methods of data Processing.

Since both quantitative and qualitative data will be collected, it will then require the researcher to use various methods to analyse them.

1.5.1   3.5.1   Editing

This will be done to ensure that the information from respondents is accurate and consistent.
It will be followed after every interview with respondents. Obvious errors and omissions in schedule will be checked here immediately.

1.5.2   3.5.2   Frequency tables

This will involve the counting of the number of responses from each questionnaire and getting those that fall under the same category recorded accordingly using tallies.
The researcher will then come up with a frequency distribution list of each question according to the different codes of responses.

1.5.3   3.5.3   Data analysis

This will come after data processing in order interpret it and will involve drawing of statistical tables. This will enable the researcher to interpret the data, verify the relevance of the research questions so as to fulfil the objectives of the study.

1.6     3.6    Anticipated problems

The major limitation of the research is expected to be inadequacy of financial resources. Visiting the study area will require substantial amounts of money to cover costs of travel and facilitation.

The study may also require a lot of time to be dedicated to collecting substantial data from one person to another, making observations, continuous review of literature, data analysis and report writing.

Some of the targeted respondents may not be willing to put aside time to respond to the investigator’s questions thus will frustrating the researcher’s efforts to collect substantial data. There may also some rude and hostile respondents but researcher hopes to solve this by both seeking prior permission and remaining calm.


APPENDICES
INTERVIEW GUIDE FOR TOWN COUNCIL OFFICIALS AND TOUR COMPANIES
Dear Respondent,
This interview guide is designed by Makerere University Department of Geography to collect data on the topic “the contribution of the hospitality sector to the growth of Mukono Town in Uganda”. You are kindly requested to fill in the blank spaces to the best of your knowledge. All information will be used only for academic purposes and will not be used elsewhere without your permission.
Name ………………………………………………………………………………………
Age …………………………………………………………………………………………
Position ……………………………………………………………………………………..
1.  What are the different types of hospitality sectors in Mukono Town?
2    What are the services provided by these establishments?
3.  What has been the contribution of the hospitality industry to the development of
      MukonoTown
4.  What are the challenges faced by the hospitality industry in Mukono Town?
5    What do you think can be done to overcome these challenges?
6.                                         What are your future prospects?
7.            Give reasons why these establishments are still few in number in Mukono Town Council.


Thanks for your cooperation
Nakawooya Brenda, Researcher.
June, 2008


 A RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGNED FOR THE PROPRIATORS/ MANAGEMENT OF THE HOSPITALITY ESTABLISHMENTS IN MUKONO TOWN COUNCIL.

Dear Respondent,
This questionnaire is designed by Geography Department Makerere University to gather information on the topic: “the contribution of the hospitality sector to the growth of Mukono Town in Uganda”. You are therefore kindly requested to fill in the blank spaces below to the best of your knowledge. Note that the information given will be treated with confidentiality and will be used strictly for academic purposes for which it is sought and will not be used elsewhere without your permission.

1. The name of your establishment?
  ……………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) When was it established?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
C) State the grade of your establishment (Tick)
One star
Two stars
Three stars
Four stars
Five stars
d) What is its capacity in terms of?
   (i) Bedrooms
………………………………………………………………………………………………
   (ii) Bed nights
………………………………………………………………………………………………
   (iii) Conference facilities
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

1                     Which of these services do you offer?
(i) Bar services
(ii) Restaurant
(iii) Meetings/Conferences/Workshops
(iv)  Accommodation
(v) Others (specify)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2                     How many quests do you receive on average per month? (Tick)
1-30
31-60
61-90
91-120
121+

b) What are their types?
(i) Ugandans
(ii)  Non Ugandans

3                     What are the challenges hampering your operation?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) What strategies do you employ to overcome the above challenges?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4                     What are your future prospects?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Give reasons why these establishments are still few in number in Mukono Town Council.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Thanks for your cooperation
Nakawooya Brenda, Researcher.
June 2008

























RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGNED FOR GUESTS/TOURISTS

Dear Respondent,
This questionnaire is designed by Makerere University Department of Geography to collect data on the topic “the contribution of the hospitality sector to the growth of Mukono Town in Uganda”. You are kindly requested to fill in the blank spaces to the best of your knowledge. All information will be used only for academic purposes and will not be used elsewhere without your permission.
Name……………………………………………………………………………………….
Sex………………………………………………………………………………………….
Origin……………………………………………………………………………………….
Purpose of visit……………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………
1. Name the establishment you visited
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b)      How often do you visit this establishment?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………….
b) How much do you spend for their services on average per visit?
……………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. How do you rate the performance/ facilities in this establishment?
Excellent                                           Fairly good
Very good                                          others (specify)
3. What problems did you face while there?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. What do you recommend as solutions to the above problems?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..


Thanks for your cooperation
Nakawooya Brenda, Researcher.
June 2008.





REFERENCES
Chandra Harish, (2007). IT Contributions to the Hospitality Industry & It's Further Scope.

Cohen Francine, (2007). Ugandan Tourism Sector Lights Up Dark Continent, Hotel Interactive, Inc.

Dr Dustin Swanger, (2002): Hospitality industry fuels the area economic engine. Technical Education at MCC Rochester Business Journal

Employment and Training Administration,U.S. Department of Labor,(2007), Hosptiality:  Innovative Workforce Solutions to Help the Hospitality Industry Address Hiring, Training, and Retention Challenges

Gailliard Flora, (2007). The hospitality Industry. The Black Collagian IMDiversity, Inc.

Graduate Prospects, (2007). Hospitality: overview, Graduate Prospect Ltd, Manchester.


Gutteridge Margaret, (2005) Hospitality Sector Sector Briefing Manchester, AGCAS. 

Jones. P, Song, Haiyan ,Hong, Jung. H, (2004). Hospitality industry (Management)

Tunia Cherian George, (2006). Hospitality sector gets a boost from buoyant economy The Hindu Business Line.

Ward Sophie. (Ed). (2007). Hospitality, UK, AGCAS. 


Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Wiedenhofer Harald, (2005), Young people and the hospitality industry: Contribution to the European Youth Initiative, European Federation of Food, Agriculture and Tourism Trade Unions (EFFAT) and Hotels, Restaurants & Cafés in Europe (HOTREC), Brussels.

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DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN NIGHTLIFE ENTERAINMENT AS A TOURIST PRODUCT.
CASE STUDY KAMPALA CENTRAL DIVISION

























15.0       CHAPTER ONE

16.0       1.1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY


Tourist products are varied and there is no acceptable definition. The major concept considered in tourist product development is the things that motives people travel. Attempts have been made by scholars, practitioners and professionals to classify tourist’s products.

No agreed classification system has been accepted. Generally, there is an agreement that tourists products can be physically and non-physical   things.  Bannet   1996 pointed out two key features of all products physical and symbolic form. Night Life is an experience.  Although physical attributes may be involved, the key components of night life are the experience and feeling of enjoyment by visitors. As a tourists product, night life can be classified as an experiential product is immersed in the activities.

 Night entertainment is a great urban tourism product in the cities, tourism and other urban areas. Burton categories night life as an entertainment. It involves dancing, gambling, sports like football watching, snack, and quiz night, prostitution, and drinking among others.

Tourism continues to be among the foremost vehicles for cultural exchange providing personal experience, not only of what has survived from the past, but of the contemporary life and the society of other societies. It is appreciated as positive force for natural and cultural conservation. Tourism capture the economic characteristics of the heritage and harness these for conservation by generating funding, educating the community, and influence policies. The natural and culture heritage, diversities and living cultures are the major tourism attractions. The ecological settings culture and lifestyles of the host communities may also be degraded, along with visitors experience of the place. Urban night entertainment is a difficult sector to define, it is an umbrella term for a broad variety of service industries including, but not limited to, bars, pubs, clubs, casinos, restaurants and hotels.
Today the increment of the urban night life sectors has gained a level of acceptance as a means of contributing to the growth in the country. Although an increment of the hospitality sector is not an indication of the quality of growth, it is held conventionally that it does provide an important step towards growth, which Uganda has seemingly undergone.  Many take Uganda urban night life service not for its quality of service, but being cheap destination for leisure tourism.

17.0       1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM.


Night urban entertainment centers like, pubs, night clubs, bars, and casinos are a great tourism potential in Uganda and provide substantial financial and employment opportunities. However, little has been done by the tourism industry and its stake holders in developing night life.

In developed countries’ cities, night life mainly taking the form of dances, gambling, social drinking and many forms of entertainment  form an important  tourist   products especially cities like Paris in  London, Rome and densey  centers/ Worlds like Nevada are famous for their entertainment  and night life. But in developing countries including Uganda night life has not been developed and promoted as tourist products yet its development could increase tourist expenditure, length of stay and overnights in Kampala and diversely tourist activities which are currently limited. This study attempted to identify different forms of night life and how they could be developed in Kampala
The focus is an attempt to expand length of stay which is mainly two to three nights by international visitors. Night life entertainment and other activities could assist expand overnights in Kampala benefitting hotels. Many hotels in Uganda are constructed in Kampala with low occupancy rates (MTTI, 2002).

18.0       1.3    OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY.

19.0        1.3.1 The General objective.

*      To assess the development of urban night life as a tourism product

20.0       1.3.2 Specific objectives.

               i.            To identify the different urban night life centers in Kampala central division
             ii.            To establish the various activities which take place in these urban night life centres
           iii.            To examine the challenges hindering the development of urban night life entertainment in Kampala central.

21.0       1.4 Research questions.

  1. What are the different urban night life entertainment centers in Kampala central?
  2. What are the various activities performed in the various urban night life entertainment centers?
  3. What are the challenges hindering the development of urban night life as a tourism product?

22.0       1.5 Scope of the study

The study was about assessing the development of urban night entertainment as a tourist product taking Kampala central division as a case study. The study covered potential urban night centers, identified the various activities which take place and examined the challenges facing the development of urban life tourism development. The study took a period of 4 months which were dedicated to collecting data and analyzing data to present this research.

23.0       1.6 Significance of the study

The study was an exploratory study and the information generated may be useful to planners and stake holders. The identification of different types of night life entertainment and their development essentially helps Kampala city council (KCC) to expand its income base by generating additional revenue for the operators.

Developing night life as tourist products simply increasing volume of Tourists   in Kampala city and overnights. This benefits   hotels and other   accommodations operators, restaurants and bars, car rental firms by increasing transactions occupancy and profits.
Researchers, scholars in the field of urban night life will benefit from this study since the final report will be availed to Makerere main library/ Africana section and the geography department.
The fact that this study is a partial requirement for the fulfillment of the Bachelors degree of arts of Makerere Univesity; it will aid the researcher to attain his prestigious and academic award.















24.0       CHAPTER TWO


LITERATURE REVIEW

25.0       2.1 The concept of urban night life.


Many people engage in night activities. Club style centers on sociability, entertainment and hedonistic indulgence. On week days, an active member spends most of his time at a bar, fraterning male companions and occasionally making a sexual overture to an available woman (De Kadt, 1987)
Torkilden (1956) observed there are quite a number of activities which take place at night. He observed that among the activities that occur besides those of a club is gambling and take place in most amusement arcades and football pitches.
Burtenshaw (1981) noted different sorts of entertainment that take place in different areas. He gave examples of bars, night clubs, theatres, restaurants and casinos as some of the centers of urban night activities. He further stated that these places tend to cluster near each other such that together they can form the entertainment quarter which is mostly life that many customers/ Tourists seek.
The experience of pleasure is subjective and different individuals will experience different kinds and amounts of happiness in the same situation. Many pleasurable experiences are associated with satisfying basic biological drives, such as eating, exercise, sex, and even defecation. Other pleasurable experiences are associated with social experiences and social drives, such as the experiences of accomplishment, recognition, and service. The appreciation of cultural artifacts and activities such as art, music, and literature is often pleasurable.


26.0       2.2 Activities involved in urban night life entertainment


Many people engage in night in most of the urban night entertainment centers of Kampala central. On week days, an active member spends most of his free time at the club bar. Among the activities involved in include sexual relationships and links, gambling (Torkilden 1986)

27.0       2.2.1 Prostitution

Is doubly another exciting activity tourists engage in,  the urban areas at night. In the red lights in most west European cities is very common. White and Winchester (1988) derived a location model of urban prostitution areas based on a detailed analysis of light districts in several west European cities. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment)
Entertainment consists of any activity which provides a diversion or permits people to amuse themselves in their leisure time. Entertainment is generally passive, such as watching opera or a movie. Active forms of amusement, such as recreations or sports, are more often considered to be recreation. Activities such as personal reading or practicing a musical instruments are considered as hobbies.
The industry that provides entertainment is called the entertainment industry. There are many forms of entertainment for example: cinema, theatre, sports, games and social dance. Puppets, clowns, pantomimes and cartoons tend to appeal to children, though adults may also find them enjoyable.

28.0       2.2.2 Animation

Some people find animation to be entertaining. Similarly, some people find cartoons to be entertaining. ((http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment).

29.0        2.2.3 Cinema and theater

Many people find cinema /or theatre and other live performance such as circus, plays, musicals, farces, monologues and pantomimes to be entertaining.

30.0       2.2.4 Comedy

Comedy provides laughter and amusement. The audience is taken by surprise, by the parody or satire of an unexpected effect or an opposite expectations of their cultural beliefs. Slapstick film, one-liner joke, observational humor are forms of comedy which have developed since the early days of jesters and traveling minstrels. ((http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment).

31.0       2.2.5 Comics

Comics contain text and drawings which convey an entertaining narrative.[4] Several famous comics revolve around super heroes such as Superman and Batman. Marvel Comics and DC Comics are two publishers of comic books. Manga is the Japanese word for comic and print cartoons. ((http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment).
Caricature is a graphical entertainment. The purpose may vary from merely putting smile on the viewer’s face, to raising social awareness, to highlighting the moral vices of a person being caricatured.

32.0       2.2.6  Dance and music

Many people find involvement in social dance to be entertaining. Some people listen to or watching musical entertainment. ((http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment).

33.0       2.2.7  Games

Games provide relaxation and diversion. Games may be played by one person for their own entertainment, or by a group of people. Games may be played for achievement or money such as gambling or bingo. Racing, chess or checkers may develop physical or mental prowess. Games may be geared for children, or may be played outdoors such as lawn bowling. Equipment may be necessary to play the game such as a deck of cards for card games, or a board and markers for board games such as Monopoly, or backgammon. This can include ball games, Blind man's bluff, board games, card games, children's games, croquet, Frisbee, hide and seek, number games, paintball and video games. ((http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment).

34.0       2.2.8 Other forms of entertainment

A film, also called a movie or motion picture, is a story conveyed with moving images. It is produced by recording photographic images with cameras, or by creating images using animation techniques or visual effects. The process of filmmaking has developed into an art form and industry.
Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures, which reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment and a powerful method for educating — or indoctrinating — citizens. The visual elements of cinema give motion pictures a universal power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles that translate the dialogue. ((http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment).

35.0       2.3 Hindrances to the growth of urban night life.


The are many factors that have tendered to hinder the growth of tourism which encompasses night life. Academics studying cities have given little attention to the role of tourism. This is true even for larger cities like London and New York where the industry if responsible for hundreds of thousands of jobs (Fain Stain 1992)

This lack of attention almost certainly arises from the contemporary fashionable methodological approaches. In the past economic export base- theory suggested that the prime sector of the urban sector of the economy was manufacturing which drew in income from the rest of the world (Christopher M.Law 11992)

The other fear is to have increased number of tourists in the city, as it will result into wear and tear on facilities and increases the cost of urban management. So on those note there is an attempt by the local community to resent the influx of tourists in their areas (Law 1993)

All the above  identified problems plus more that the researcher hopes to identify as the hindrances of the growth of night clubs  will be the major bend or base for the researcher’s recommendations intended to see the reverse of the trend.

Studies carried out noted that when two cultures interact, the dominant culture overpowers the weak one resulting in changes within the weaker culture. The demonstration effect is another name for this process of acculturation. It is more apparent where economic class differences between hosts and guests. Free spending tourists engaging in pleasurable activities exert powerful influence on host societies. Members of the host society are drawn to the tourist culture because of emphasis on pleasure and seemingly endless supply of money which to many represents a modern way of life (Smith 1982).Younger members of society are more  susceptible to the demonstration effect (Murphy 1985).




37.0       CHAPTER THREE


38.0       AREA OF STUDY AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

39.0       3.1 Introduction

40.0       This chapter presents the methodology and procedure that will be followed during the study.It describes sources of Data, research design, and sample selection, methods of data collection and design and analysis.

41.0       3.2 Area of study


The study was l be carried out in Kampala Central division. Kampala is the capital city or Uganda and has relatively developed urban night life centers such as clubs, casinos, bars, \hotels, \pubs and restaurants.

Kampala city is both the capital city of Uganda as well as a district. It is located on latitude 00 19 N and 36 on longitude 32035 E.Kampala covers a total land area of 176 Km2 and lies on 1180m above sea level, with an average annual of 12-150 mm and annual minimum and maximum temperature of 170 c and 280 c respectively.






Figure 1: Map sho wing  the Location of Kampala Central

Source; field findings 2010


3.3  Research design.

The researcher used both qualitative and quantitative research designs. Quantitative research design was used to collect numerical data in form of figures; statistics of visitor numbers to the various urban night entertainment centers visited and qualitative research design was used to collect data from on night life activities provided , types of recreationists involved, opinion of recreationists on management, facilities and services provided. These aimed to establish quality of nightlife and attractiveness in motivating potential domestic and international recreationist.

3.4  Sampling Framework.

The study sample included a total of 60 respondents. The researcher used random and. purposeful sampling technique to select respondents.  The purposeful technique was used to select top management and staff of these urban night entertainment centers while random sampling was used to select recreationists. The researcher visited three (3) clubs, two(2) casinos, four (4) bars, three (3) pubs, and   three (restaurants).
The management and staff of urban night entertainment centers were   purposefully selected because they are the ones who designed the concept of urban night life in these centers, manages them and their clients and understand the needs of their clients. There were Twenty (20) in number. The researcher also randomly selected 10 respondents from the staff of the various urban night life centers visited and 20 (Twenty respondents) from recreationists    

41.1   3.5     Data Collection Methods    

41.2   Various methods of data collection were used to collect data including questionnaires, interviews, documentary methods and observation.                                                                                  

41.2.1  3.5.1    Observation

According to Bailey (1994), observation is a primary technique of collecting data on non verbal form of phenomenon. In this study it was used to physically examine different types of entertainment centers. Participant observation was used to identify different forms of night life activities, facilities, services in Kampala night life entertainment centers. This gave first hand assessment of assortment of night life entertainments in central Division, Kampala. It also helped to assess    constraints and opportunities of developing night life entertainment of the Division as an augment tourist product in the entire city.

41.2.2  3.5.2 Interviewing.

This involved face to face discussion with the management of these centers. Mainly, key informant technique was used to gain a deeper insight to operations of these centers, activities provided, needs of clients challenges of managing these centers and future plans. However, during  participant observation, some few recreationists were  interviewed mainly informally to get first-hand perceptions on night life entertainment in central division, Kampala. This method proved to be important in getting feeling on how to improve, expand, market and develop night life entertainment as tourist resources and activities in Kampala city.

41.2.3  3.5.3 Secondary data sources.

In this method, secondary sources of data were reviewed. These included related literature from different libraries and other resource centers. Literature which was reviewed was in relation to the study objectives. This identified the information gap and was expected to provide a firm background for the study. Some of the libraries that were visited included Makerere University Main Library, World Bank Library and Geography Department book bank.  Besides the library search, Internet Surfing was also used to review literature sources on the World Wide Web.

3.5      Data Analysis and Presentation.

Since both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, it required the researcher to use various methods to analyze them which included use of frequency tables, graphs and charts to analyze data.



42.0       CHAPTER FOUR

43.0       PRESENTATION OF RESEARCH FINDINGS

44.0       4.1 Night life centers in Central Division, Kampala


45.0       4.1.1 Night clubs

During the research, the researcher identified the following   night clubs  st in Kampala Central division; Angenior and Ange- Mystique located on plot 77a 1st street industrial, Kampala, centenary barbeque lo9unge located on Jinja road
Club silk was another night club which identified by the researcher an d this is located between plot 25-17 1st street industrial area
Other night clubs identified included, the Rouge Lounge located on 2-2B Kampala road, Plaza cinema Building, Kampala, Kampala Latino club located 19 Acacia Avenue Kololo, Equator lounge located in Kampala Sheraton Hotel.
Plate 1: Showing centenary barbeque Lounge
Source: Field findings 2010

46.0       4.1.2 Casinos

During the research, the research identified the following casinos to be existing in Kampala central division and these included; Simba casino located in Garden city shopping mall, 64-84 Yusuf Lule road, Kampala as seen in plate 4, Myfair casino, located at Kisozi close off Nakasero road, Nakasero, Kampala casino located Kimathi Avenue Kampala and the Grand Casino located at 17-25 Huntington Road Block B, crested   Towers Kampala

47.0       4.1.3 Restaurants and Bars

Restaurants
Restaurants which were identified by the researcher included fang fang Chinese restaurant located on 1 Colville street roof Terrace, communication house as shown in plate 2 below, Afro Caribbean restaurant located at 34c Kyadondo road, china plate located 11 cooper road Kisementi, Great wall 21 Kampala Road, Kampala, Food paradise 2 Katanga road Nakasero, Just kicking sports Bar cooper Road Kisementi and Kampala Casino as shown in plate 3

48.0       Bars.

A good number of bars exist in Kampala central as summarized in table 1 below. The common types of drinks sold in these bars are beers, spirits and wines, mineral water, sodas and Vodkas as shown in plate 2  and 3 for  Efendy’s at Centenary Park and  city bar respectively.









Table 1: Showing bars in Kampala Central Division

NAME OF BAR
LOCATION
-          Green Garden
-          Barbeque Lounge
-          Ciao Bella Disco
-          Kyoto
-          4 points
-          Efendy’s


Centenary park along
Mateos
Plot 13 parliament  Avenue
Fat Boys
7 cooper road Kisementi
Slow  Boat
Plot 2 Kampala road
Equator Bar
Sheraton  Hotel, Ternan Avenue- Nakasero
Kampala Latin club
Plot 19 Acacia Avenue Kololo Kampala
Chi Bar
Plot 56 Lumumba Avenue Nakasero
City Bar
Kampala Road
Bubbles O Leary’s/Irish pub
Plot 19 Acacia Avenue

Source; Research findings
 The researcher identified the following bars to do exist in Kampala central  at centenary park the researcher identified; the Green Garden, barbeque lounge, Ciao Bella Disco Bar near the around about., Kyoto, 4 points and Efendy’s. Centenary park is located along  Jinja, Kampala
Other bars visited included mateoes, which is located plot 13 parliament avenue, Kampala, Fat boys located in 7 Cooper road Kisementi ,slow boat which is both a bar and restaurant located on  plot 2 Kampala road, Equator Bar, situates in Sheraton, Ternan Avenue, Nakasero, Kampala, Kampala Latino club located at  at Plot 19 acacia avenue, Kololo Kampala, chi bar and restaurant located on plot 56 Lumumba Avenue Nakasero, Kampala, City bar located on Kampala road and Bubbles O Leary’s /Irish pub located at plot 19 Acacia avenue, Kololo. Plate 1 shows the Centenary Barbeque Lounge.


Plate 2: Showing Efendy’s at Centenary Park
Source: Field findings

Plate 3: Showing city bar in Kampala Central.

49.0       Source: Research findings


50.0       4.1.4 Shopping and entertainment centers.


The researcher identified 2 main shopping centers and these were; Garden city shopping center is located on Yusuf Lule road and Nakummat Oasis mall is located Yusuf Lule road, Kampala
These shopping centers provide entertainment to the people as many come to shop. They are also coiled with entertainment centers like bars, restaurants and casinos.

51.0       4.2 Various Night life activities

52.0       4.2.1 Sex working/Prostitution.

Sex working/prostitution is one of the main activities which were identified.Sex working /prostitution in Kampala was categorized according to the area of operation. The researcher managed to identify that the area of operation was very vital for this activity and charges depended mainly on the area of operation. The researcher identified that there were three areas of operation which included; The first category were those operating near hotels like speak hotel and Rock gardens,  second category were those operating   outside night clubs like club silk and Angenior disco- theque  and  the last category were those operating in brothels like Kivulu
Through face to face interviews with some of the prostitutes which were found near clubs like near club silk and Angenior gave various responses as to why they carried out prostitution. Many of them gave it as the only type of Job on the market; others gave the influence as peer pressure, others gave desperate for sex while others gave lack of care from husbands.
 The research revealed that those who operate near hotels like speak hotel and Rock gardens charge more as compare to those who operate from brothels. This is because they mostly target foreign nationals.
 Tourists engage in prostitution and it is believed to be an exciting activity in most urban night entertainment centers of Kampala Central division.
4.2.2 Gambling
Another exciting activity that recreationist engage in while in some of the urban night entertainment centers is gambling. Gambling includes amusement arcades, football betting, casino betting, and lotteries.
The research identified gambling in casinos which were visited. There were also a number of sport betting units where people went for sport betting gambling.

53.0       4.2.3 Social Drinking and eating

De Kadt, (1987) noted that many people engage in night activities. Club style centers on sociability, entertainment and hedonistic indulgence. On week days, an active member spends most of his time at a bar, fraterning male companions and occasionally making a sexual overture to an available woman. Almost all the urban night entertainment centers that were visited social drinking was almost in every urban night entertainment.

54.0       4.2.4 Cinema entertainment

Many people find cinema as their form of urban night entertainment. The researcher identified; Cineplex located at garden city shopping mall 3rd floor as one the outstanding cinemas offering cinema entertainment

55.0       4.2.5 Other night events


Fashion show, Beauty contest, launching songs, contests and plays
Arapapa models were one of the renowned fashion and design companies in Kampala and Uganda. The company is located on kirra road next to the British high commission. According to the proprietor of the company arapapa deals in fashion styles of all ages, sex and nationality to suite the growing demand of the market. Monga fashion and designs was yet another fashion design Located in Kampala central along Buganda road, the study revealed that Monga fashion and designers company offers  tailoring services, fashion marketing .Kabindi fashions was also identified as fashion designers located  on duster Street and deals in modeling, creative designing, fashion      marketing among others

Beauty contents and song launchings and plays were other urban night. Most of the urban night entertainment centers do organize beauty contests and song launchings. Sabrinas pub along Bombo  road was one of the places which organizes song launchings.

56.0       4.3 Typology of life recreationist

Information which was thought about the type of recreationists who visit the different urban night centers from the different urban night urban night visited that, out the 30  respondents who were  interviewed from the staff and management of the different urban night centers, 15 respondents pointed out  recreationists who visit their centers are foreign residents and were represented by 50%,10  pointed out that those who visit there centers are domestic recreationists who were represented by 33% and 5  pointed out that recreationist who visit the urban night centers are foreign non residents and these were compose of  17% .Table 1 shows the summary of the type of recreationist and the kind of travel undertaken by recreationist.

Table1: Showing the summary of the type of recreationist.
Type of recreationist
Frequency
Percentage
Foreign residents
15
50%
Domestic recreationists
10
33%
Foreign non residents
5
17%
Total
30
100%
Source: Research findings 2010
Figure 2: Showing the type of recreationist




Source: Research findings 2010
Information was also sought from recreationist about the type of travel they had undertaken. Out the 20 questionnaires administered to tourist/recreationists about the type of travel, 5 pointed out that their type of travel was individual and were represented by 25%, 2 pointed that their travel was family travel  represented by 10%, 5 pointed out that they visits where because of peer groups  and where represented by 25%while 8 pointed out that their travel were held because of friendly groups and were represented by 40%.More respondents being drawn from friendly travel, it might have indicated that most the urban night recreationists are motivated because of friends. Table 4 shows the summary of the motivation of travel.

Plate 4: Showing the summary of motivation of travel.
Type of Travel
Frequency
Percentage
Individual travel
5
25%
Family travel
2
10%
Peer groups
5
25%
Friendly groups
8
40%
Total

100%
Source: Research findings 2010
Figure 3: Showing the type of travel undertaken by recreationists.
Source: Research findings 2010


56.1   4.6 CHALLENGES HINDERING THE DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN NIGHT LIFE IN KAMPALA CENTRAL DIVISION.


Low participation rate was one the major challenges hindering the development of urban night life entertainment centers. Low participation was identified to be as a result of low marketing, public relations and promotional campaign.
Security was another serious challenge hindering the development of urban night life entertainment in Kampala. After the 2 major explosions in one in
True is that most urban night entertainment centres in Kampala central division are individually owned or family owned. Therefore individual’s ability to withstand tough economic times in order to gain more profits not yet investing in enough funds to market their business. They have placed more samples on cash needs and cost control whereby, they have failed to easily publicise yet they have stayed for years. This was evidenced mostly in restaurants where the employees where related to the owner and mostly the mode of communication was their native local language.

Lack of competitiveness: Most  Urban night centers visited establishments lack enough competiveness because of the fact that individual business are not at mercy of broad environmental force and competition for resources guarantee that only some such  centers  will survive. This has been a challenge because of the fact that the owners of hospitality establishments have other sources of income and so tend to relax.
Poor advertising is yet another challenge which was found to be faced by most urban night entertainment centers in Kampala central. Most of the centers hardly had Internet advertising. Those which had most of them had failed to maintain up to date Internet advertising which covers a wider geographical area. However some of them   had maintained their internet and were up to date.
Low demand was yet another challenge which was faced in the development of most of these urban night entertainment centers. By most urban night entertainment centers in Kampala was mainly faced by hotel establishments. This challenge was faced mostly after the two major explosions which took place during the world cup finals which claimed many lives of people. This made urban night centers at a standstill as people scared moving at night. Because of the limited sales, it affects recruitment process of workers where by it brings about recruitment of inefficient and cheap workers to be recruited which will affect service provision and hence under development of the facility.
Eratic nature of power supply was yet another challenge which was identified by the researcher. The erratic power supply mostly affected the activities in most of the urban night entertainment centers. Most notably are clubs where disco are greatly disrupted by power shortage. All these. All these make the business not profitable thus limited development of urban night entertainment centers.
Unskilled human resource is yet another stumbling block for the development of the urban night entertainment centers. It was established by the researcher that most of the urban night entertainment centers visited employed relatives who are not skilled enough to face challenges of the urban night entertainment industry; they are corrupt and not accountable to the funds which would otherwise be used in the development of the facility simply because of lack of skills.
Hooliganism, theft and drug abuse were yet other serious challenges which were identified by respondents to be limiting the development of some of the urban night entertainment centers. This act was given mostly by the management of all clubs in the town council. They stressed that hooliganism brings about low clientele thus reduced revenue leading to a slump in the development of the sector.
Payments by use of fake forms of currencies by some untrustworthy people was sighted as another challenge being limiting the full development of these establishments hindering their growth. This was mostly faced in restaurants.










57.0       CHAPTER FIVE.

57.1   SUMMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.

58.0       5.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS.


The main objective was to assess the development of urban night entertainment as a tourism product. At its infant stage, the study was guided with three specific research objectives, which were set by the researcher herself which included; identifying the different urban night entertainment centers in Uganda, identifying the different activities in the urban night centers and examining the challenges facing the development of urban night entertainment centers in Kampala central division

The research established that Kampala central has got various urban night entertainment centers ranging from clubs, Restaurants, bars, clubs and among others. It was also found out however, that some of the urban night entertainment centers in Kampala central were fused together with others to form one major establishment. The researcher observed foristance that clubs were being fused with restaurants.

However, despite of all the above, it was also established that urban night centers are being faced by a number of challenges. One of the major challenges with which was noticed in almost all the sectors were unskilled labor. This was partly because most hospitality establishments were employing relatives who had no skills in service delivery. This was looked at to be solved by training workers.

58.1   5.2 Conclusion.

There are a few urban night entertainment establishments, which can be, complemented with the existing magnificent attractions in Kampala central division. The researcher identified there are a number of problems hindering the development of these urban night entertainment sectors in the district, however most of the problems were beyond their reach foristance erratic power supplies and taxes. The contribution of these sectors to the growth of the town therefore is still low.

Therefore, on the basis of the study findings regarding the assessment of urban night entertainment as a tourism product taking Kampala Central division as a case study, the researcher concluded that its only if the government has put in efforts in developing the urban night entertainment in Kampala that it will become a unique tourism product.

58.2   5.3 Recommendations.


In order to enhance the development of urban night entertainment as a tourism product in Kampala Central division, I recommend the following to be put in order.

There should be innovativeness in the services and activities provided by these urban night entertainment centers. For example, restaurants have to widen so that guests/Clients have a variety to choose from, clubs have to diversify their activities so that clients also have a variety to choose from and casinos and bars have to do the same.

In urban night centers where there is hooliganism and theft, I recommend that the management security guards and bouncers to help cab down such evils which lead to loss of clients, thus less revenue collected.
There is also need to create working conditions to link with tour operators. They should create good working conditions and relationship with the tour operators and travel agents to help them package their products to the urban night recreationists.
Training of employees should not be underestimated.. The researcher found out that there is need to train and retrain and retain employees and staff. This is because the urban night entertainment industry today has been revolutionalised by fast growing technology and this has turned into global village. When workers are updated, they will keep informed and provide excellent services to guests. This will create modernity and hence development.



















59.0       REFERENCES

Brian Boniface and Chris Cooper (2001) World Wide Destinations travel and Tourism Third edition, oxford.
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